unit 5 Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
encoding
A
the processing of getting information into our brains,
2
Q
storage
A
the process of retaining encoded information over time.
3
Q
retrieval
A
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
4
Q
one-word stage
A
5
Q
two-word stage
A
6
Q
babbling stage
A
7
Q
grammar
A
8
Q
morpheme vs phoneme
A
9
Q
deep processing
A
10
Q
spacing effect
A
11
Q
testing effect
A
12
Q
shallow processing
A
leads to fairly short-term retention of information
13
Q
mnemonics
A
14
Q
chunking
A
15
Q
echoic memory
A
16
Q
iconic memory
A
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli;
lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
17
Q
working memory
A
18
Q
automatic processing
A
unconscious encoding of incidental information,
space, time, and frequency,
19
Q
explicit memory
A
20
Q
implicit memory
A
21
Q
effortful processing
A
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
21
Q
parallel processing.
A
21
Q
sensory memory
A
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
22
Q
short-term memory
A
23
long-term memory
24
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes;
may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
25
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory;
if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
26
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
27
belief perseverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
ex： 90% of people going to pass that test but you still believe no one can pass/ you can not pass
28
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
29
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
The tendency to look for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
30
algorithm vs. heuristic
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees
to solve a particular problem.
This contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
31
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
32
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).
33
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides aquick and easy method for sorting items into categories
34
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category.
35
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
36
source amnesia
37
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.
38
repression
39
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
40
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
41
intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
42
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
43
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test;
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score.
44
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill,
such as in computation or drawing.
45
general intelligence
46
emotional intelligence.
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
47
Spearman’s general intelligence
A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas.
Different abilities, such as verbal and spatial, do have some tendency to correlate.
48
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
Our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts.
49
Sternberg’s triarchic theory
Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real- world success: analytical, creative,
and practical.
50
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person’s future
performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
51
standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
52
fluid intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
53
crystallized intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
54
Down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
55
heritability
56
normal curve
mean 100
SD 15
57
mental age
58
achievement test
59
heuristic
The following two heuristics can lead us to make poor decisions and snap judgements, which downgrade our thinking.
60
Fixation
only thinking from one point of view.
