unit 6 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
schema
A
A concept of framework that organizes and interprets information
2
Q
Assimilation
A
Add new information to a pre-existing schema
3
Q
Accommodation
A
Modify or change our understanding and create new schema to add it to
Provide be new information
4
Q
Sensorimotor stage
A
Birth-2 years old
lack of object performance
using sense to explore and Limb movement
until 9-12 months to de
5
Q
Object permanence
A
Less or equal 6month
Knows something exists even if not see
-the awareness that things continue to exist even when not exists
6
Q
Pre-operational stage
A
Age 2-6/7
Lack of conservation
egocentric -developed the theory of mind
7
Q
Conservation
A
Volume, mass, number, stays the same even if form change
8
Q
Egocentrism
A
inability to understand other persons’ feelings
Other people’s point of view
9
Q
Theory of mind
A
“Ability” to take another perspective
predict someone else behavior
10
Q
Concrete operational stage
A
Age 6/7-11/12
Grasp conservation
Grasp mathematics transformation
Think logically-black and white
11
Q
Harry Harlow
A
monkey experience
provide attachment is not based on food
but comfort
12
Q
Attachment
A
Emotion tie
-Physical contact (comfort &safety)
-familiarity (faces, smells that are easy to recognize)-critical period
13
Q
Critical period
A
Attachment based on familiar
Time when stimulus produces proper development
14
Q
Konrad Lorenz
A
Imprinting experience
Rigid attachment process
Duckings attachment bonded with him
Have strong attachment during early period
15
Q
Mary Ainsworth
Strange situation
A
The reaction when mother (leave and returned)
-secure attachment
16
Q
Secure attachment
A
Calm cheerful predictable when parent come back
Upset when mom leaves but easily comfort
Responsibility & consistent
17
Q
Insecure attachment
(Anxious & avoidant)
A
Irritable unpredictable
Anxious -stressed when mom leaves
Can’t be consoled when parent come back
Avoidant-avoid affection with caregiver
does not care when parent come back
18
Q
Temperament
A
Naturally!
A person’s characteristics emotion attachment reactivity and intensity
easy（Secure attachment)
Difficult (insecure attachments)
19
Q
Adolescence
A
The transition period from childhood to adulthood,extending from puberty to independent
20
Q
Puberty
A
Period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing
21
Q
Primary sex characteristics
A
Characteristics that are directly involved in reproduction
22
Q
Secondary sex characteristics
A
Characteristics that distinguish males from females but not reproduce
23
Q
Maturation rates
A
Females-onset of puberty 9.5-12
Growth spurt 11-13
Male- onset of puberty 9.5-12
Growth spurt 12-14
24
Q
Prefrontal cortex
A
Planning , setting priorities, judgment, impulse control
Not developing till mid 20
25
three morality
lawrence Kohlberg
26
permissive parenting
low demand with high warmth
lew rule few punishments
as a adult: may lack of response for awthority/rule
27
authoritative parenting
high demand with discussion and reasoning. high warth
as an adult high self-esteem, and more self- sufficient.
28
authoritarian parenting
high demand and expected obedience without question
low warmth
as an adult , they think/ feel does not matter struggle with making decision
29
transgender
describe people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
30
Gender identity
is a person’s sense of being male or female.
31
Social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
32
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
33
X chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
34
Y chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
35
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
36
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
37
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
38
menarche
the first menstrual period
39
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
艾滋病
a life- threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections
40
sexual orientation
naturally
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation)
sex interest
41
Trust vs. mistrust
infancy
If needs are dependably met（get satisfy），infants develop a sense of basic trust
sense of basic trust
42
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)
Toddlers learn to exercise （try to do thing be themself）their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
43
Initiative vs. guilt
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
Preschoolers learn to initiate （set the tasks）tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
44
Competence vs. inferiority
Elementary school (6 years to puberty)
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior（自卑）
45
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence (teen years into 20s)
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles, or they become confused about who they are
46
Intimacy vs. isolation
Young adulthood (20s to early 40s
adults struggle to form close)
relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
47
Generativity vs. stagnation
Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)
In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through Middle adulthood (40s to 60s) family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
48
Integrity vs. despair
Late adulthood (late 60s and up)
Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
49
Preconventional morality
ages 0-7/8
focus-Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
50
Conventional morality
(early adolescence)7/8-12
social acceptance
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
51
Postconventional morality
=formal operational
(adolescence and beyond)
pure moral
Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles-
52
Maturation
is the orderly changes in behavior that result from biological processes that are relatively unaffected by experience
53
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
Nature and nurture
Continuity and stages- keep development(gradual and continuous,)/ the different part change suddenly in different stage
Stability and change- the part stay through the life/change as we age
54
zygote
survive beyond the first 2 weeks
half of all fertilized egg (fewer)
55
embryo
胚胎
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks
after fertilization through the second month.
56
fetus
By 9 weeks after conception
the developing human organism
57
Erik Erikson' psychosocial development
58
aggression
any behavior that hurt or destroys people
women may be slightly more likely to commit
acts of relational aggression
59
gender
the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.
60
gender role
how we're expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex.
the way we act our sex
61
role
in the special circumstance or group, that being expect to been act or be with the given setting
62
intimacy
in Erikson’s theory
the ability to form close, having loving relationships
(late adolescence and early adulthood)
63
emerging adulthood
about ages 18 to 29
The phase of the life span between adolescence and adulthood.
between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.
64
testosterone
This hormone starts the development of male sex organs.
the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
65
menopause
the time of natural period stop
also meant the woman 's biological change .the 生殖ability is reduce
66
cross-sectional study
a study in
which people of different ages are
compared with one another.
67
abstract thinking
Abstract thinking is the ability to consider concepts beyond what we observe physically. Recognizing patterns, analyzing ideas,抽象思维
children develop abstract reasoning skills as part of their last stage of development, known as the formal operational stage. This stage occurs between the ages of 11 and 16.
68
Hypothetical thinking
involves imagining possibilities and exploring their consequences through a process of mental simulation.
69
autism spectrum disorder
is a developmental disorder that involves impairments in social interaction and communication, challenges with sensory processing, and repetitive behaviors.
(交流障碍)（自闭症）
70
basic trust
a sense that predictable and trustworthy
be formed during infancy
Erik Erikson
71
parenting style
Diana Baumrind
72
Babinski reflex
ccurs when stimulation of the lateral plantar aspect of the foot leads to extension (dorsiflexion or upward movement) of the big toe (hallux).
当对足部外侧的刺激导致大脚趾（Hallux）的伸展（背屈或向上运动）时，就会发生这种情况。
73
Jean Piaget
Piaget is known for his stages of cognitive development. These stages include: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational.
74
Habituation
Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
75
Identity
one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
76
Fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
refers to abilities needed for abstract reasoning and speeded performance
refers to knowledge acquired through one's culture including verbal ability and social knowledge
77
Fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)
a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy
causes brain damage and growth problems.
78
Carol Gilligan
gender development
79
Zone of proximal development
refers to the range of abilities an individual can perform with the guidance of an expert, but cannot yet perform on their own.
can not do->zone of proximal development-"can do wit help "->can do it
80
Teratogens
Substances that damage the process of fetal development such as tobacco and alcohol. Fetal alcohol syndrome: A developmental disorder caused by a mother's heavy alcohol use during pregnancy
81
Symbolic thinking
the ability to think about objects and events that are not within the immediate environment.
82
Stranger anxiety
the fears of strangers that baby commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
83
Social identity
Social identity theory proposes that the social groups an individual belongs and subscribes to are an important source of their pride and self-esteem.
84
Social clock
timeline for social milestones.
Think first job, marriage, having a child, graduating from college, buying a home, retiring
85
Pruning process
Synaptic pruning is a natural process that occurs in the brain between early childhood and adulthood.
to enable more efficient neural processing.
86
Social Development
the study of how other people and groups 👪influence behavior and mental processes as well as how behavior and mental processes influence our experiences in social situations.
87
Self-concept vs. Self-esteem
88
Rooting reflex
The movement for a baby to move its mouth toward any object that touches its cheek.
89
Lev Vygotsky
psychologist Lev Vygotsky saw cognitive development as much more fluid.
-the social environment was impacted to helping kids progress through stages
90
Longitudinal study
A research design that examines how individuals develop by studying the same sample over a long period of time.
91
Life-span vs. child psychologists
92
Sucking reflex
The movement for ababy to suck any object that enters its mouth.
93
Moral reasoning
(pre-conservation)
Moral reasoning at the preconventional level focuses on punishment, rewards, and authorit
94
Mere exposure effect
Mere exposure effect is the idea that people tend to like things or people they are familiar with/exposed to more often (e.g. a 10 year partner) rather than things they have only been exposed to a few times
95
Metacognition
*Metacognition – gain ability to think about the way you think → self-evaluation.
96
symbolic thinking
97
formal operational
abstract/hypothetical thinking
