unit 7 Flashcards
(88 cards)
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and direct behavior
drive
an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction, usually rooted in some physiological tension, deficiency, or imbalance (e.g., hunger and thirst) and impelling the organism to action.
focus on maintaining homeostasis
drive-reduction thoery
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry,
hypothalams-internal balance
incentive
Yerkes-Dodson law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
keep the balance- sometime we do something just for increase or decrease the arsal
Optimal arousal theory
(arousal theory)
Explains that motivated behaviors may decrease or increase arousal.
The optimal arousal theory says that people perform best when their arousal level is neither too high nor too low.
balance
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
hypothalamus
governs pituitary gland-endure system-gland
homones:bloodsteam
slower to tell you brain you are lateial hypothalamus (larger hunger ;I am hungry) or ventromdial hypothalamus (stop eating ;full)
set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.
When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
basal metabolic rate
新陈代谢
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.
estrogens
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics.
In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones.
Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
emotion
response of the whole organism, involving
(1) physiological arousal,
(2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience.
James-Lange theory
physiological arousal
Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
body notices the emotion
noreason in mind
Cannon-Bard
expressive behaviors
Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.
even give both feel emotion and body response in the same time
Schachter-Singer
2 factor theory
conscious experience
Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.
even arousal and have experience to label the emotion
experience
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
emotion expressions
emotion expressions is universal!
fear, anger, or happiness.
biological
age/gender/culural different in emotion expression
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Walter Cannon viewed the stress response as a “fight-or-
flight” system.
general adaptation syndrome
(GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm
resistance
exhaustion.
tend-and-befriend response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
