Unit 4 Flashcards
(214 cards)
0
Q
Abduction
A
moving a body part away from the midline
1
Q
Abdominal cavity
A
- divided into four regions (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ) or nine abdominal regions
- houses the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, appendix, lier, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
2
Q
Adduction
A
moving a body part toward the midline
3
Q
Adipose tissue
A
a type of soft connective tissue; fatty tissue that stores fat as a food reserve or source of energy, insulates the body, fills the area between tissue fibers, and acts as padding
4
Q
Afferent Nerves
A
aka sensory; carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord
5
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
slightly moveable joints
6
Q
Amt. of Blood in human
A
4-6 quarts
7
Q
Anatomic position
A
a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body.
8
Q
Anatomy
A
the study of the form and structure of an organism
9
Q
Anterior
A
aka ventral; body parts on the front of the body
10
Q
Aorta artery
A
largest artery in the body; receives blood from the left ventricle of the heart; supplies blood for all arteries
11
Q
Aortic valve
A
located between the left ventricle and the aorta; allows blood into the aorta and prevents blood back into left ventricle
12
Q
Apnea
A
a sleep condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
13
Q
Arachnoid membrane
A
weblike middle layer of meninges
14
Q
Arteries
A
carry blood away from the heart
15
Q
Arterioles
A
the smallest branches of arteries that join with capillaries
16
Q
Axon
A
the process in which a neuron sends impulses away from the cell
17
Q
Basophils
A
participate in the body’s inflamatory response; produce histamine and heparin
18
Q
Biceps brachii
A
upper arm muscle that flexes lower arm and supinates hand
19
Q
Bicuspid valve
A
aka mitral; located between the left atrium and left ventricle; allows blood into aorta and prevent from blood back into the left atrium
20
Q
Biology
A
The science of life and of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution
21
Q
Bradycardia
A
A slowness of the heartbeat, usually under 60 beats per minute in adults
22
Q
Buccal cavity
A
aka mouth; holds the teeth and tongue
23
Q
Capillaries
A
connect arterioles with venules; located close to cell bodies; thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through
24
Cardiac muscle
forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood
25
Cardiac sphincter
a sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach, opening at the approach of food that can then be swept into the stomach by rhythmic peristaltic waves
26
Carotid artery
two main arteries that carry blood to the brain
27
Cataract
occurs when the normally clear lens becomes cloudy or opaque
28
Cellular respirations
the process of internal respiration
29
Centrosome
located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus
30
Cerebellum
the section below the back of the cerebrum; responsible for muscle coordination, balance, posture, muscle tone
31
Cerebrum
the largest and highest section of the brain; divided into lobes named by the bones that surround them; responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, judgment, speech, sensation, sight, smell, hearing, voluntary movements
32
Cervix of uterus
the narrow, bottom section, which attaches to the uterus
33
Chromatin
located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein
34
Cilia
tiny, hairlike structures that filter inhaled air to trap dust and other particles; help move the mucous layer that lines the airways to push trapped particles
35
Ciliary body
the thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye, connecting the choroid and iris
36
Circulatory system
aka cardiovascular system; consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood; transports oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and carrys carbon dioxide and metabolic materials back
37
Circumduction
moving in a circle at a joint, or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary
38
Cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease in which normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar tissue
39
Clotting proteins
fibrinogen and prothrombin; found in plasma
40
Cochlea
snail shaped; contains delicate, hairlike cells, which compose the organ of Corti
41
Color of blood
determined by hemoglobin; a lot of oxygen is bright red; less oxygen and more carbon dioxide is darker red with bluish cast
42
Conjunctiva
a mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eye to provide addtional protection and lubrication
43
Connective tissue
the supporting fabric of organs and other body parts. two main classes - soft and hard.
- soft: adipose tissue, ligaments, tendons
- hard: cartilage, bone
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Contractibility
muscle fibers that are stimulated by nerves contract, or become short and think, which causes movement
45
Contracture
a severe tightening of a flexor muscle resulting in bending of a joint
46
Cornea
circular, transparent part of the front of the sciera; allows light rays to enter the eye
47
Coronal plane
aka frontal; divides the body into a front section and a back section
48
Coronary Artery
first branch of aorta artery; divides into right and left; carries blood to the myocardium of heart
49
Cranial cavity
surrounds and protects the brain made up of 8 bones
50
Deltoid
muscle on shoulder that abducts arm and is an injection site
51
Dendrite
any of the threadlike extensions of the cytoplasm of a neuron; they typically branch into treelike processes, and compose most of the receptive surface of a neuron
52
Diaphysis
long shaft of the long bone
53
Diarthosis
freely moveable joints
54
Diastolic
The phase of blood circulation in which the heart's pumping chambers (ventricles) are being filled with blood. During this phase, the ventricles are at their most relaxed, and the pressure against the walls of the arteries is at its lowest
55
Diencephalon
the section located between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus; thalamus acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum and recognition of pain and temp; hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, temp, appetite, water balance, sleep, blood vessels. emotions
56
Digestive system
aka gastrointestinal system; responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food so that it can be taken into the bloodstream and used by body cells and tissues
57
Distal
body parts distant from the point of reference
58
Dorsal
aka posterior; body parts on the back of the body
59
Dorsal cavity
one long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body; divided into two sections--cranial cavity and spinal cavity
60
Dura mater
thick outer layer of meninges
61
Dyspnea
Difficulty in breathing, often associated with lung or heart disease and resulting in shortness of breath
62
Efferent Nerves
aka motor; carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
63
Ejaculatory ducts
two short tubes formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles; carry the sperm and fluids known as semen through they prostate gland into the urethra
64
Elasticity
allows the muscle to return to its original shape after it has contracted or stretched
65
Embolus
A mass, such as an air bubble, detached blood clot, or foreign body, that travels in the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel, thus serving to obstruct or occlude such a vessel
66
Endocrine system
consists of a group of ductless (without tubes) glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream (hormones); consists of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, oavaries, testes, thymus, pineal body, placenta
67
Endoplasmic reticulum
a fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm that allows transportation of materials into and out of the nucleus, and also aids in the synthesis and storage of proteins
68
Endosteum
membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact in the long bone
69
Eosinophils
remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions by producing antihistamines
70
Epididymis
a tightly coiled tube approximately 20 ft in length and located in the scrotum above the testes; stores the sperm while they mature and become mobile; produces a fluid that becomes part of the semen
71
Epilepsy
A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures with or without a loss of consciousness
72
Epiphysis
two extremities (ends) of the long bone
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Epithelial tissue
covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue in the skin that forms the lining of the intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary tracts, as well as that of other body cavities
74
Erythrocytes
red blood cells; produced in red bone marrow; contain hemoglobin
75
Excitability
irritaility, the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse
76
Extensibility
the ability to be stretched
77
Extension
increasing the angle between two bones, or straightening a body part
78
External respirations
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream
79
Factors influencing BP
excitement, anxiety, nervous tension, exercise, eating, pain, obesity, smoking, stimulant drugs, sleep, depressant drugs, shock, dehydration, hemorrhage
80
False ribs
five lower ribs on either side that do not articulate with the sternum directly
81
Fascia
tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects the tissue; connects muscle to bone
82
Femoral artery
the chief artery of the thigh
83
Flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones, or bending a body part
84
Floating ribs
..
85
Fontanels
spaces or "soft spots" allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs; made up of membrane and cartilage then turn in to solid bone after 18 months
86
Frontal plane
aka coronal plane; divides the body into a front section and a back section
87
Function of bile
..
88
Function of bile
..
89
Fundus of uterus
..
90
Gastrocnemius
muscle on back of lower leg that flexes and supinates sole of the foot
91
Gluteus maximus
muscle on buttocks that extends and rotates thigh and is an injection site
92
Golgi apparatus
a stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm that produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
93
Hard palate
the bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and separates the mouth from the nasal cavities
94
Hemiplegia
..
95
Hemoglobin
complex protein composed of protein called 'globin' and iron called 'heme.' carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
96
Inferior
body parts below other parts
97
Insertion
the end that moves when a muscle contracts
98
Integumentary system
skin, both a membrane and an organ
99
Internal respirations
the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue ells and the bloodstream
100
Involuntary muscles
they function without conscious thought or control; cardiac and smooth
101
Iris
colored portion of the eye; located behind the cornea; control the size of the pupil and regulates the amount of light entering the eye
102
Joints
areas where two or more bones join together
103
Lateral
body parts away from the midline
104
Latissimus dorsi
muscle on spine around to chest that extends and adducts upper arm
105
Left atrium
upper chamber; receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
106
Left ventricle
lower chamber; receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells
107
Lens
circular structure behind the pupil; it refracts (bends) light rays so the rays focus on the retina
108
Leukocytes
white blood cells; formed in bone marry and lymph tissue; fight infection; five types-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
109
Ligament
connective tissue bands that help hold long bones together at joints
110
Linings of uterus
..
111
Lymphatic system
consists of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissue; works with the circulatory system to remove wasts and excess fluids from tissues
112
Lymphocytes
provide immunity for the body by developing anditbodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells
113
Lysosome
oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials, an important function of the body's immune system
114
Medial
body parts close to the midline
115
Medulla Oblongata
the lowest part of the brainstream; connects with the spinal cord; responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing, blood pressure
116
Medullary cavity
cavity in the diaphysis of the long bone filled with yellow marrow
117
Meninges
three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord; dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
118
Midbrain
the section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brainstem; responsible for conducting impulses between brain parts and eye and auditory reflexes
119
Midsagittal plane
divides the body into right and left sides
120
Mitochondria
rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major source of the cell
121
Mitral valve
aka bicuspid; located between the left atrium and left ventricle; allows blood into aorta and prevent from blood back into the left atrium
122
Muscle tissue
produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers with three main kinds - skeletal, cardiac, and visceral (smooth)
- skeletal: attaches to bones and provides movement
- cardiac: causes the heart to beat
- visceral: present in the walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and blood vessels
123
Muscle tone
the state of partial contraction in muscles
124
Myelin
..
125
Neurilemma
..
126
Neuron
basic structural unit of the nervous system
127
Neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme
128
Nucleolus
one or more small, round bodies located inside the nucleus, and important in cell reproduction
129
Olfactory receptors
..
130
Orbital cavity
holds and protects the eyes
131
Order of Large intestine
..
132
Organ of Corti
a receptor of sound waves
133
Organelle
cell structures that help a cell to function, located in the cytoplasm - nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
134
Origin
the end that does not move when a muscle attaches to a bone
135
Ovaries
the gonads, or sex glands of the female; located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus; secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics
136
Pancreas
a glandular organ located behind the stomach; produces pancreatic juices that contain enzymes to digest food along with insulin
137
Paraplegia
..
138
Parasympathetic system
part of autonomic nervous system; works with sympathetic to maintain homeostasis; counteracts flight or fight (calms down)
139
Pathophysiology
the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes
140
Pectoralis major
muscle on upper chest that adducts and flexes upper arm
141
Pelvic cavity
made of two os coxae (hip bones) that are in two sockets; allow attachment of upper body and legs
142
Perineum
the area between the vagina and anus in the female body; or the entire pelvic floor in both the female and male body
143
Peripheral pulse sites
..
144
Pharyngeal tonsils
aka adenoids; located in the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat)
145
Phlebitis
..
146
Physiology
the study of the processes of living organisms, or why and why they work
147
Pia Mater
innermost layer of the meninges that attaches the brain and spinal cord and has blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue
148
Pinocytic vesicle
pocket like folds in the cell membrane that allow large molecules such as proteins and fats to enter the cell
149
Platelets
..
150
Pleura
the membrane that encloses the lungs; two layers of serous membrane -- visceral pleura and parietal pleura
151
Pons
the section located below the midbrain and in the brainstem; responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain and for chewing, tasting, saliva production, respiration
152
Posterior
aka dorsal; body parts on the back of the body
153
Proximal
body parts close to the point of reference
154
Pulmonary valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from back into right ventricle
155
Pupil
opening in the center of the iris
156
Pyloric sphincter
..
157
Pyrexia
..
158
Quadriceps femoris
muscle on front of thigh that extends leg and is an injection site
159
Quadriplegia
..
160
Rectus Abdominus
muscle from ribs to pubis (pelvis) that compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column
161
Red marrow
found in certain bones, such as vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and cranium, and is the proximal ends of the humerus and femur; produces red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells
162
Respiratory system
consists of the lungs and air passages; responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide; works continuously
163
Retina
innermost layer of the eye; transmits the light impulses to the optic nerve
164
Right atrium
an upper chamber; receives blood as it returns from the body cells
165
Right ventricle
lower chamber; receives blood from tde right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery
166
Risk factors hypertension
..
167
Rotation
turning a body part around its own axis
168
Rugae
..
169
Salivary Amylase
an enzyme in saliva that begins the chemical breakdown of carbs or starches into sugars
170
Salivary glands
three pairs--parotid, sublinual, submandibular; produce a liquid called saliva that lubricates the mouth during speech and chewing and moistens foods to that it can be swallowed easily
171
Sartorius
muscle on front of thigh that abducts thigh and flexes leg
172
Sclera
..
173
Scrotum
a sac suspended between the thighs
174
Semicircular canal
part of inner ear; contain a liquid and delicate, hairlike cells that bend when the liquid moves with head and body movements; help maintain balance and equilibrium
175
Seminal vesicles
two small pouch-like tubes located behind the bladder; contain a glandular lining that produces a thick, yellow fluid that is rich in sugar and other substances and provides nourishment for the sperm
176
Sinuses
air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice and are lined with mucous membranes
177
Skeletal muscle
attached to bones and causes body movement
178
Skeletal system
made of organs called bones; function as framework, protection, levers, production of blood cells, storage
179
Smooth muscle
(visceral) is found in the internal organs of the body that contract to cause movement
180
Somatic system
carries messages between the central nervous system and the body
181
Spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord
182
Sternocleidomastoid
muscle on side of neck that turns and flexes head
183
Structure of Fallopian tubes
..
184
Superior
body parts about other parts
185
Sympathetic system
part of the autonomic nervous system; works with parasympathetic to maintain homeostasis; fight or flight response
186
Synarthrosis
immovable joints
187
Systolic
..
188
Tachycardia
..
189
Tendon
strong, tough, fibrous connective-tissue cords; connect muscle to bone
190
Testes
the gonads of the male; located in the scrotal sac and are suspended outside the body; produce hormones that regulate sexual characteristics of the male
191
Thoracic cavity
locate in the chest and contains the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, large blood vessels
192
Thoracic vertebrae
..
193
Thrombocytes
aka platelets; pieces of cells; formed in bone marrow; important for clottin process
194
Thrombophlephitis
..
195
Tibialis Anterior
..
196
Transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half
197
Trapezius
muscle on upper back and neck that extends head and moves shoulder
198
Triceps brachii
muscle on upper arm that that extends and adducts lower arm
199
Tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and right ventricle; allows blood to the lungs and prevents blood back into right atrium
200
True ribs
..
201
Urinary system
aka excretory system; responsible for removing certain wastes and excess water from the body and for maintaining the body's acid-base balance; maintains homeostasis; consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, one urethra
202
Varicose veins
..
203
Vas deferens
receives the sperm and fluid from the epididymis; acts as both a passageway and a temporary storage area for sperm; these are the tubes that are cut during a vasectomy
204
Veins
blood vessles that carry blood back to the heart
205
Ventral
aka anterior; body parts on the front of the body
206
Ventral cavity
separated into two distinct cavities by the diaphragm; thoracic and abdominal
207
Ventricles
four hallow spaces in the brain; hold cerebrospinal fluid
208
Venules
smallest branches of veins; connect with capillaries
209
Vestibule
first section of the inner ear; acts as the entrance to the other two parts
OR
contains the openings to the urethra and the vagina
210
Villi
the fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine
211
Voluntary muscles
a person has control over its action; skeletal
212
Ways to take temperature
..
213
Yellow marrow
a storage area for fat cells, contains white blood cells
