unit 4 Flashcards
(33 cards)
your basic function as an organism is to:
consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain your body functions, and build and maintain your body structures.
what two concepts make up metabolism?
catabolism and anabolism
anabolism is…
Anabolism is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances.
catabolism is…
process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. For example, sugars are broken down to carbon dioxide and water. Catabolism releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.
exchange of material:
Organisms interact with their external environment by exchanging materials, such as taking in substances like glucose and expelling waste products like carbon dioxide, or excreting undigested food. This process involves both small molecules and larger, undigested materials.
responsiveness:
Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments
example of internal responsiveness:
Changes in an organism’s internal environment, such as increased body temperature, can cause the responses of sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in the skin in order to decrease body temperature.
movement:
Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells.
- body moves voluntary and involuntarily in every single way to perform bodily functions
molecules are the
chemical building blocks of all body structures
what is a tissue
a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.
what is an organ?
an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
function of cell/plasma membrane
to separate inner contents of a cell from its external environment. This membrane provides a protective barrier around the cell and regulates which materials can pass in or out
structure of cell membrane:
primarily composed of phospholipids arranged in a two layers but also contains cholesterol and a mosaic of different proteins.
organelles and cytosol together make up the :
cytoplasm
endomembrane system
Set of cellular organelles that often work together to produce, package and export certain products
components of endomembrane system include:
gologi apparatus, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles
endoplasmic reticulum function:
continuous with nuclear envelope, channels, provides passages throughout much of the cell that function in transporting, synthesizing, and storing materials.
ribosome is:
site of protein synthesis, contains two subunits. can be found bound to rough ER or floating in cytoplasm
main functions of smooth ER:
- synthesize lipids, phospholipids and steroids
- stores and regulated the concentration of cellular calcium
- perform detoxification roles
primary job of rough ER:
synthesis and modify proteins that will be transported to the cell membrane or exported from cell
protein path in rough ER
protein synthesized in ribosome, carried through rough ER where sugars are added to it before transported to a vesicle and then to gologi apparatus
Golgi apparatus is responsible for:
modifying, shipping and organizing products that come off the rough ER
gogi apparatus has two sides:
cis side: receives products in vesicles. products are sorted and then released through other side- trans face after being repackaged into new vesicles. if product needs to be exported, vesicle migrates to cell surface and fuses to membrane for export
