unit 9

Question 1

nervous system divided into

Answer 1

• central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
• peripheral nervous system (everything else)

Question 2

nervous tissue (present in both central and peripheral) contain two basic cells:

Answer 2

• neuron (more functionally important)
• glial/or neuroglial cells (provide a framework of tissue that supports the neurons and their activities)

Question 3

soma

Answer 3

in neurons, that portion of the cell that contains the nucleus; the cell body, as opposed to the cell processes (axons and dendrites).

Question 4

axon

Answer 4

Single process of the neuron that carries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the cell body toward a target cell

Question 5

dendrite

Answer 5

One of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells

Question 6

gray matter

Answer 6

Regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons; actually may be more pink or tan in color, but called gray in contrast to white matter.

Question 7

white matter

Answer 7

Regions of the nervous system containing mostly myelinated axons, making the tissue appear white because of the high lipid content of myelin.

Question 8

nucleus

Answer 8

term for a collection of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system

Question 9

term for a collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 9

ganglion

Question 10

three meanings of term nucleus in bio

Answer 10

The center of an atom (where protons and neutrons are found)
The center of a cell (where the DNA is located)
A center of function in the CNS (e.g., a nucleus in the brain)

Question 11

tract

Answer 11

Cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and response output to and from the central nervous system.

Question 12

nerve vs tract

Answer 12

they can both be used to refer to the same bundle of axons. When those axons are in the peripheral nervous system, the term is nerve, but if they are central nervous system, the term is tract.

Question 13

basic functions of nervous system

Answer 13

sensation, integration, and response

Question 14

integration

Answer 14

Sensory input needs to be integrated with other sensations, as well as with memories, emotional state, or learning (cognition). Some regions of the nervous system are termed integration or association areas. The process of integration combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions such as memories, learning, and emotion to produce a response.

Question 15

voluntary responses are governed by:

Answer 15

somatic n system

Question 16

involuntary responses:

Answer 16

autonomic n system > para/sympathetic n systems

Question 17

somatic nervous system

Answer 17

• responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses
• not always fully voluntary: for example can include reflexes to a jump scare

Question 18

autonomic nervous system

Answer 18

involuntary control of body, usually for sake of homeostasis

Question 19

role of autonomic nervous system

Answer 19

The role of the autonomic system is to regulate the organ systems of the body, which usually means to control homeostasis. Sweat glands, for example, are controlled by the autonomic system. When you are hot, sweating helps cool your body down. That is a homeostatic mechanism.

Question 20

neurons

Answer 20

• responsible for the computation and communication that the nervous system provides
• electrically active
  -release chemical signals to target cells
• communicate information about sensation
  that produce movements in response to those stimuli,
• inducing thought processes within the brain

Question 21

glial

Answer 21

supporting role. neurone cannot function without glial

Question 22

myelin

Answer 22

made from glial, Lipid-rich insulating substance surrounding the axons of many neurons, allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals

Question 23

axon segment

Answer 23

length of gap of axon wrapped in myelin between each node of ranvier

Question 24

Astrocyte (CNS) Satellite cell (PNS)

Answer 24

support

Question 25

OligodendrocyteC (CNS) Schwann cell (PNS)

Answer 25

insulation, myelination

Question 26

Microglia (CNS)

Answer 26

immune surveillance, phagocytosis

Question 27

ependymal cell

Answer 27

creating cerebrospinal fluid

Question 28

myelin

Answer 28

Myelin, however, is more than just the membrane of the glial cell. It also includes important proteins that are integral to that membrane. Some of the proteins help to hold the layers of the glial cell membrane closely together.

Question 29

cerebrum has two sides:

Answer 29

R and L cerebral hemisphere

Question 30

cerebrum parts/function

Answer 30

- emotional, memory, consciousness - folds -Deep within the cerebrum, the white matter of the corpus callosum provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Question 31

basal nuclei

Answer 31

located beneath the cerebral cortex, enhance cortical processes and are involved in functions like acetylcholine production and movement initiation. In Alzheimer's disease, these nuclei are affected, leading to a loss of cholinergic neurons, and they also help suppress involuntary movements.

Question 32

diencephalon

Answer 32

-means "through the brain - connection of cerebrum to rest of nervous system with one exception - spinal cord, brain, PNS all send info to cerebrum thru diencephalon - except for olfaction (smell), straight to cerebrum

Question 33

diencephalon contains:

Answer 33

-thalamus and hypothalamus. -epithalamus, which contains the pineal gland - subthalamus, which includes the subthalamic nucleus, one of the basal nuclei.

Question 34

thalamus

Answer 34

collection of nuclei that relay information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem

Question 35

hypothalamus

Answer 35

- collection of nuclei that are largely involved in regulating homeostasis - autonomic nervous system, endocrine regulation thru anterior pituitary , homeostasis - memory and emotion as part of limbic system

Question 36

mid brain

Answer 36

midbrain coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory, and sensory information. The pons is the main connection with the cerebellum. The pons and the medulla regulate several crucial functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Question 37

cranial nerves

Answer 37

connect through the brain stem and provide the brain with the sensory input and motor output associated with the head and neck, including most of the special senses

Question 38

superior colliculus

Answer 38

Half of the midbrain tectum that is responsible for aligning visual, auditory, and somatosensory spatial perceptions.

Question 39

pons

Answer 39

main connection between cerebellum and brain stem

Question 40

medulla oblongata

Answer 40

the medulla also houses autonomic nuclei that regulate critical physiological functions like heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and breathing.

Question 41

cerebellum

Answer 41

- The cerebellum integrates motor commands from the cerebral cortex with sensory feedback from the periphery, allowing for the coordination and precise execution of motor activities, such as walking, cycling, writing or playing a musical instrument

Question 42

meningens

Answer 42

protective tissue covering CNS

Question 43

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 43

circulates to remove metabolic wastes from the interstitial fluids of nervous tissues and return them to the blood stream.

Question 44

4 ventricles of the brain

Answer 44

two lateral ventricles, connect to third ventricle (space between left and right diencephalon) , opens through cerebral aqueduct down midbrain to fourth ventricle (space between, cerebellum, pons, medulla)

Question 45

ventricles

Answer 45

hollow spaces in the brain for cerebrospinal fluid to circulate

Question 46

ganglion

Answer 46

- group of cell bodies in peripheral NS - either sensory or autonomic

Question 47

bundles of axons in peripheral:

Answer 47

nerves - they have connective tissue invested in strucutre - blood vessels supplying tissues - connected to CNS by cranial nerves (connected to brain) or spinal nerves (connected to spine)

Question 48

cranial nerves

Answer 48

- responsible for motor and sensory functions of head and neck - vagus, targets organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as part of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 49

action potential

Answer 49

Change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibres.

Question 50

action potential in a sensory neuron

Answer 50

a nerve impulse (action potential) is generated, which travels along the sensory nerve fibre from the muscle, through the dorsal root ganglion, to the spinal cord.

Question 51

patellar reflex

Answer 51

The stimulus (stretching of the quadriceps muscle caused by tapping on the tendon) triggers a nerve impulse in a sensory neuron, which synapses with and stimulated a motor neuron, leading to the contraction of the quadriceps

Question 52

withdraw reflex

Answer 52

1. Sensory receptors in the skin sense extreme temperature and the early signs of tissue damage. 2. In a sensory neuron, a nerve impulse (action potential) is generated, which travels along the sensory nerve fibre from the skin, through the dorsal root ganglion, to the spinal cord. 3.The sensory neuron stimulates a motor neuron in the ventral horn motor of the spinal cord. 4. That motor neuron sends a nerve impulse (action potential) along its axon. 5. This impulse reaches the biceps brachii, causing contraction of the muscle and flexion of the forearm at the elbow to withdraw the hand from the hot stove.

Question 53

basic withdraw reflex

Answer 53

the basic withdrawal reflex includes sensory input (the painful stimulus), central processing (the synapse in the spinal cord), and motor output (activation of a ventral motor neuron that causes contraction of the biceps brachii). As seen for the patellar reflex, the withdrawal reflex can also include inhibition of the antagonistic muscle (triceps brachii in our example).

Question 54

autonomic nervous system

Answer 54

sympathetic: fight or flight parasympathetic: rest and digest

Question 55

ligand gated channel

Answer 55

A channel protein (facilitated diffusion) that is activated (opens) when a molecule (such as a neurotransmitter) binds to it