Unit 4 AOS 3 SAC

Question 1

Rationale of the SDGs

reasons why is exists

Answer 1

ask countries around the world to take action and work together towards

• ending poverty
• protecting the planet
• helping to ensure all people worldwide can enjoy peace and prosperity
• 17 goals and 169 specific targets to be achieved by 2030

Question 2

3 Objectives of SDG’s

Answer 2

• ending poverty
• protecting the planet
• helping to ensure all people worldwide can enjoy peace and prosperity

Question 3

Key features of SDG 3 and name

Answer 3

‘Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages”

• Reduce infant and under-5 mortality globally
• Reduce rates of global maternal mortality
• End epidemics of communicable disease (specifically tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, and hepatitis)
• Reduce the impact of non-communicable diseases
• Reduce the prevalence of mental health conditions (i.e. promote mental health and wellbeing)
• Reduce the number of global road traffic accidents
• Ensure universal and equitable access to medicines, vaccines, and other health products
• Promote universal access to sexual and reproductive health care

Question 4

SDG’s

1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 13

Answer 4

• SDG 1: No poverty
• SDG 2: Zero hunger
• SDG 4: Quality education
• SDG 5: Gender equality
• SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation
• SDG 13: Climate action.

Question 5

SDG 1
Name
Key features and targets

Answer 5

No poverty

Aims to end poverty in all its forms, everywhere

• Eradicating extreme poverty currently measured as people living on less than US$1.90 a day.
• Reducing by half the proportion of men, women and children living in poverty. Implementing social protection systems.
• Ensuring equal rights and access to essential resources, services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services

Question 6

SDG 1 relationship to SDG 3

Answer 6

SDG 3 helps to end poverty by ensuring all people have access to essential medicines, vaccines and healthcare services at an affordable price. Natural disasters and outbreaks of disease can result in people, communities and countries being plunged into poverty.

Question 7

SDG 2

Answer 7

Zero hunger

Aims to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

• End hunger and ensure access for all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, such as infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food.
• End all forms of malnutrition. - Double agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, and ensure equal access to land and resources

Question 8

SDG 2 relationship to SDG 3

Answer 8

Maternal and child health and wellbeing will be improved with access to nutritious food, contributing to reductions in under-five and maternal mortality rates. With improved nutrition, children will be at reduced risk of contracting and dying from communicable diseases such as malaria and hepatitis, and vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and tuberculosis.

Question 9

SDG 4

Answer 9

Quality Education

Aims to ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning

• Ensure all children complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education.
• Ensure all children have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education.
• Ensure all adults have equal access to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education. Increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for employment

Question 10

SDG 4 relationship to SDG 3

Answer 10

An educated and skilled workforce brings about greater economic growth. Economic growth provides more resources for governments to invest in universal healthcare, essential medicines and social protection measures. People will be able to access preventative and curative health services, which will help reduce morbidity and mortality

Question 11

SDG 5

Answer 11

Gender equality

Aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

• End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.
• End all forms of violence against women and girls, including human trafficking and sexual exploitation.
• Eliminate harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation. Recognise and value unpaid domestic work.
• Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life

Question 12

SDG 5 relationship to SDG 3

Answer 12

Actions taken to achieve gender equality empowers women and girls. This is important for economic growth and ending poverty. Small loans to women in Bangladesh have been shown to increase family income twice as much as similar loans to men. Water and sanitation systems controlled by women have been shown to be more sustainable and effective than those controlled by men. This contributes to good health and wellbeing for all members of the community and for all ages

Question 13

SDG 6

Answer 13

Clean water and sanitation

Aims to ensure access to water and sanitation for all

• Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water.
• Enable access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all.
• Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimising release of hazardous chemicals and materials.
• Increase the efficient use of water and ensure sustainable access to clean water.
• Implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including across borders.
• Protect and restore water-related ecosystems.
• Expand international cooperation and capacity to support low- and middle-income countries to achieve their targets.
• Support the participation of local communities in water and sanitation management.

Question 14

SDG 6 relationship to SDG 3

Answer 14

Actions taken by the water and sanitation sector to achieve SDG 6 underpin the ability to achieve SDG 3. Without clean water and sanitation, reductions in maternal and child mortality, communicable diseases and diseases caused by soil and water pollution and contamination will not be achieved.

Question 15

SDG 13

Answer 15

Climate action

Aims to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

• Strengthen the resilience and capacity of all countries to adapt to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning.
• Improve education, awareness-raising and the capacity of people and organisations to take actions that reduce or prevent environmental degradation.
• Implement the commitment by high-income countries to frameworks developed by the United Nations to take action to reduce climate change and to provide funds to support low-and middle-income countries to implement strategies to reduce climate change.
• Promote ways of raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in low-income countries and small island developing states, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalised communities.

Question 16

SDG 13 relationship to SDG 3

Answer 16

Many policies and individual actions have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve health and wellbeing. Cleaner energy systems, promoting energy efficient public transport and alternatives, such as cycling or walking, rather than private vehicles, could reduce carbon emissions and air pollution, all of which would help reduce current morbidity and mortality rates due to communicable diseases and a range of non-communicable diseases.

Question 17

Components of WHO’s work

Answer 17

1. Provide leadership and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing
2. Conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information
3. Set norms and standards and promote and monitor their implementation
4. Develop policies to assist countries to take actions to promote health and wellbeing
5. Provide technical support and build sustainable health systems
6. Monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends

Question 18

Priorities of WHO

Answer 18

Achieving Universal Health Coverage
- 1 billion more people benefitting from universal health coverage Addressing

Health Emergencies
- 1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies Promoting

Healthier Populations
- 1 billion more people enjoying better health and well-being

Question 19

WHO priority 1

Achieving Universal Health Coverage

Answer 19

• Provides funding models for public health systems, including maternal and ageing health services
• Help identify barriers to accessing health services and provide solutions to increase access
• Assist with the development of health promotion services
• Assists in the training of health care workers
• Ensure the development of policies and financing which ensure the provision of quality, affordable, essential medicines and vaccines

Question 20

WHO priority 2

Addressing health emergencies

Answer 20

• Assists with developing policies and regulations to prevent and manage disease outbreaks
• Helps countries to strengthen early warning systems in preparation for times of disaster
• Helps countries to coordinate relief efforts in times of disaster
• Ensure populations affected by health emergencies have access to life saving health services

Question 21

WHO priority 3

Promote healthier populations

Answer 21

• Conducts research to improve the ways in which diseases can be prevented, diagnosed, managed and treated
• Collects data to monitor the impacts of disease and evaluate the effectiveness of programs and initiatives
• Monitor progress made towards achieving the SDGs
• Ensure countries are taking action against preventable non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases
• Support countries in addressing the health effects of climate change

Question 22

Mission of the WHO is to:

Answer 22

promote health, keep the world safe, serve the vulnerable

Question 23

3 different types of aid

Answer 23

Bilateral aid
Emergency aid
Multilateral aid

Question 24

Emergency aid

Define
Purpose
Ad/Dis
Examples

Answer 24

Rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as wars and natural disasters, for example floods, tsunamis or earthquakes. Emergency aid is also called ‘humanitarian aid’

The purpose of this type of aid is to respond quickly and effectively to address the immediate needs of the affected communities
Emergency aid includes food, water, medicines and shelter, health workers, doctors or emergency workers

Advantage:
It provides countries with resources to help people recover from natural disasters

Disadvantage:
Emergency aid does not address the underlying causes of poverty.

E.g.
Australia provides aid to countries in times of natural disasters by providing food supplies, medical teams and equipment, transport, law and order personnel, and communication resources.

Question 25

Bilateral aid

Define
Purpose
Ad/Dis
Examples

Answer 25

The provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country

Purpose:
to help reduce poverty and bring about long term sustainable development.

Advantage:
bilateral aid helps governments of recipient countries strengthen their economic, political, health and education systems and eventually become self- sufficient.

Disadvantage:
There can also be risks with providing bilateral aid if the government of the recipient country is corrupt and the funds are not spent on their intended purpose.

E.g.
the Australian government providing funding for the government of Papua New Guinea to implement prevention, treatment, counselling and education programs in relation to HIV/AIDS;

Question 26

Multilateral aid

Define
Purpose
Ad/Dis
Examples

Answer 26

Aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organisation. Multilateral aid combines donations from several countries and then distributes them to the recipients.

Purpose:
To contribute to the achievement of equity in health and wellbeing and to promote human development

Advantage:
being less tied to the political interests of individual donor countries and allows for the efficient pooling of resources to address global issues that require a global approach

Disadvantage:
some of the funds provided to multilateral agencies must be spent by the agency itself for administrative purposes.

E.g.
Australia supports multilateral agencies engaged in poverty reduction and sustainable development to complement and reinforce its bilateral aid program

Question 27

NGOs

Define
Purpose
Ad/Dis
Example

Answer 27

NGOs take different approaches to aid, which can include specific projects or programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development. The aid provided by NGOs often focuses on communities.

Purpose:
many of these agencies rely on funding from the Australian government, through its aid program, as well as through funds generated from public donations

Advantage:
It tends to focus on smaller community-based projects that are targeted to meet basic health and wellbeing needs and promote community development and participation

E.g.
The International Red Cross, which provides healthcare and disaster relief worldwide, is one of the world’s largest humanitarian organisations.

Question 28

Aid programs addressing SDG 1: no poverty

Answer 28

Program: DFAT’s Aid for Trade Program

SDGs Addressed: SDG 1: No poverty

Type of aid involved: Bilateral and NGO aid (through DFAT and world vision)

Implementation:

• DFAT has a set target that aims to commit 20% of their foreign aid to Aid for Trade Program initiatives by 2020 as an investment into helping grow the economy for developing countries
• Aid for Trade also works with businesses in the private sector of many countries to shape the market so that it is more inclusive of poorer, smaller businesses (e.g local farmers)

Question 29

Aid programs addressing SDG 2: zero hunger

Answer 29

Program: World Food Programme’s School Feeding Program

SDGs Addressed: SDG 2: zero hunger

Type of aid involved: Multilateral aid through UN, DFAT and World Vision

Implementation:

• WFP sets up canteens which provide children with hot food and nutritious snacks
• This also means more children will come to school
• Children who attend school regularly get an extra kilogram of rice and soybeans as well as cooking oil

Question 30

Aid programs addressing SDG 3: good health and wellbeing

Answer 30

Program: Stop TB Partnership Program
SDGs addressed: SDG 3: good health and wellbeing

Type of aid involved: Multilateral aid through WHO, World bank and UN

Implementation:

• Stop TB makes use of the DOTS treatment which involves giving TB patients a 6-month course of antimicrobial drugs
• Other treatments such as the BCG vaccine for children and babies may be used
• Stop TB also encourages hospitals to adopt preventative measures for TB

Question 31

Aid programs addressing SDG 4: Quality education

Answer 31

Program: Girls Education Movement - Technogirls
SDGs addressed: SDG 4: quality education

Type of aid involved: government organisation aid (UNICEF)

Implementation:

• Girls in grades 9-12 from disadvantaged backgrounds in South Africa are given access to education, where they develop their skills and knowledge in mathematics, science and technology
• The girls who show commitment and enthusiasm during the work experience are given the opportunity to be granted scholarships for further education.

Question 32

Aid programs addressing SDG 5: Gender equality

Answer 32

Program: CARE Australia’s We Bloom program

SDGs addressed: SDG 5: Gender equality, SDG 1: No poverty, SDG 4: Quality education

Type of aid involved: Non-government organisation (CARE Australia)

Implementation:

• Provides young women in south west Cambodia with literacy, numeracy and life skills
• Teaches individuals to set goals and overcome conflict to improve confidence
• Enables them to be a part of community decision making

Question 33

Aid programs addressing SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation

Answer 33

Program: World Vision’s Developing Wells and Pumps in Niger program

SDGs addressed: SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation

Type of Aid involved: Multilateral aid through the Nature Conservancy, DFAT and US governments

Implementation:

• Build wells in Niger to make water collection easier in exchange for a small fee for the maintenance of the pump so women can earn an income
• Local people are taught how to use the well and operate the water pump, so as to ensure long term maintenance of the wells’ condition
• People can source clean water and know the link between hygiene and disease through education

Question 34

Aid programs addressing SDG 13: Climate action

Answer 34

Program: responsible Asia forestry and trade (RAFT) partnership

SDGs addressed: SDG 13: Climate action

Type of aid involved: multilateral aid (through The Nature conservancy, DFAT and US governments)

Implementation:

• They educate people in the Asia pacific ocean on the economics of the market, how to meet the increasing targets for wood products and promote trade.
• They educate people on how to promote skills of sustainability when logging forests for income

Question 35

Department that governs Australian aid

Answer 35

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)

Question 36

Australian Aid

5 priority areas

Answer 36

• Infrastructure, trade facilitation & International competitiveness
• Education & Health
• Gender equality & empowering Women & girls
• Building Resilience
• Effective Governance

Question 37

Australian Aid priority areas

Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness

Why is it a priority

Improvement in h+w and human development

Examples

Answer 37

Why?
- Improving infrastructure in low- and middle- income countries promotes economic development, improves trade opportunities and reduces poverty

Improvement:
- Infrastructure also helps families to access healthcare when needed and for children to attend school, all of which improves health and wellbeing and promotes human development.

Examples:

• 4637 kilometres of road were constructed and maintained
• In Cambodia, $6.3 million were put into water and power companies

Question 38

Australian Aid priority areas

Education and health

• Why is it a priority?
• Improvement in h+w and human development
• Examples

Answer 38

Why?
- Education and health are critical to improving the lives of all people, especially the poor, and for providing opportunities for people to participate in the economy to improve living standards.

Improvement:
- being educated, people can gain the skills to enable them to contribute to the country’s economy. When girls are educated, they are likely to marry later in life and have fewer children. This contributes to better maternal health and wellbeing, improved child health and wellbeing and increased economic opportunities.

Examples:

• Australia supported 178,174 kids in Bangladesh to get an education
• Australia contributed to 20.9 million people to gain access to sexual reproductive services

Question 39

Australian Aid priority areas

Gender equality and empowering women & girls

• Why is it a priority?
• Improvement in h+w and human development
• Examples

Answer 39

Why?
- Women and girls in low- and middle-income countries often lack the same opportunities available to men and boys in terms of education, employment and making decisions that affect their lives

Improvement:
- Better educated women have fewer and healthier children and are more likely to send their children to school, leading to a more educated community. Providing female farmers with equal access to resources could reduce hunger for an extra 150 million people.

Examples:
- DFAT provided &1.5 million to support women candidates in local and national elections in
Papua New Guinea

Question 40

Australian Aid priority areas

Building resilience

• Why is it a priority?
• Improvement in h+w and human development
• Examples

Answer 40

Why?
Humanitarian assistance is provided in crisis situations, such as natural disasters and conflict, where life is at immediate risk. Causes of these situations include earthquakes, bushfires, tsunamis, conflict and chemical spills

Improvement:
Australia’s goal for humanitarian assistance is to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain human dignity during and following the humanitarian crises, particularly the protection of the most vulnerable, including women, children and people with a disability.

Social protection improves an individual’s ability to cope and not resort to survival measures that can entrench poverty.

Example:
- AUSMAT has provided emergency medical care to
over 1,700 people in Fiji

Question 41

Australian Aid priority areas

Effective governance

• Why is it a priority?
• Improvement in h+w and human development
• Examples

Answer 41

Why?
Governance affects virtually all aspects of a country’s society and economy. Stable, productive governments can work to promote the health and wellbeing and human development of the population. An effective government provides the foundations for economic growth, private sector investment and trade.

Improvement:
- Good governance, therefore, contributes to global efforts to achieve equality, create the conditions for improved human development and assists in reducing global health issues. When governance is poor, human development outcomes are also poor

Example:
- Increasing transparency in government by supporting the implementation of freedom of information laws, including through the UN-Pacific Regional Anti-Corruption programs work in Vanuatu

Question 42

Australian Aid priority areas

Agriculture, fisheries & water

• Why is it a priority?
• Improvement in h+w and human development
• Examples

Answer 42

Why?
- Agriculture and fishing provide employment and an income for millions of workers in middle- and low-income countries, particularly those living in rural areas. These industries also provide opportunities for improving economic development by exporting products to other countries.

Improvement:

• By having adequate agriculture, fisheries and water, this provide food and good nutrition, promoting physical health and wellbeing.
• These provide many sources of income for people in low and middle income countries, meaning they are better able to gain access to knowledge and participate in their community

Example:
- Over 443,000 poor women and men adopted innovative agricultural and fisheries
practices such as new growing techniques and improved crop varieties

Question 43

Australian Aid

Australian partnerships

Answer 43

Partnerships:
- The government works in partnership with other government departments and agencies, non- government organisations, businesses and community groups in Australia and overseas to deliver our aid program.

► Whole of Government:
While DFAT is responsible for administering our international aid program, it also works with other government departments and agencies that are also involved in providing assistance to other countries.

► Private Sector Partnerships:
DFAT partners with a range of companies within the private sector as means of achieving its aid and development objectives.
E.g. Australian Federal Police Force

► Bilateral Partnerships
The effectiveness of Australian aid is increased through bilateral partnerships with other countries where experience and resources can be combined

► Multilateral Organisations
Organisations including the World Bank and United Nations, and their many agencies such as the World Food Program and the World Health Organisation, extend the reach of Australia’s aid program. Their large size enables them to undertake projects on a scale that would not be possible for donors such as Australia.

► Non- Government Organisations
DFAT partners with many NGOs to complement its aid program.

Question 44

NGOs

Answer 44

Generally, the aid provided by NGOs focuses on smaller projects that are often more focused and involve the community. They work in collaboration with governments or other aid agencies.

Examples of the type of aid NGOs provide include:
- Funding for programs
- Trained personnel to coordinate, implement
and deliver programs
- Education and training
- Resources such as building materials and
information technology hardware

Such as:

• World Vision Australia
• Australian Red Cross
• Oxfam Australia

Question 45

NGO

World Vision

• description
• promoting h+w
• promoting human development

Answer 45

description:
- an NGO that works with children, families and communities around the world to overcome
poverty and injustice.

• World Vision works in more than 67 countries, with local staff who understand and appreciate the needs of the culture. World Vision’s work is funded through a variety of activities, such as child sponsorship, the 40 Hour Famine, general donations etc
• World Vision is a Christian development organisation that works with all people to create change regardless of their religion, ethnicity or gender

Promoting h+w:
- Children are particularly vulnerable to causes of ill health, such as malnutrition and disease, and the impact of these can affect children their whole lives. Malnutrition in the first 1000 days of a child’s life, for example, can affect the development of the brain, making it difficult to learn; can cause stunted growth; and can increase the risk of disease.

Promoting human development:
- Malnutrition in the first 1000 days of a child’s life, for example, can affect the development of the brain, making it difficult to learn; can cause stunted growth; and can increase the risk of disease. When malnourished children become adults they can have ongoing health and wellbeing problems and find it difficult to work and to earn a higher income, which impacts human development.

Question 46

NGO

Red Cross

• description
• promoting h+w
• promoting human development

Answer 46

description:
- The main task undertaken by Red Cross
volunteers was to put together parcels of soap, toiletries, games and food to be given to sick and wounded soldiers. Many volunteers also worked in hospitals across Australia during the war.
- The Australian Red Cross aims to ‘improve the lives of vulnerable people in Australia and internationally by mobilising the power of humanity’

h+w:
- it works towards longer-term recovery and resilience. After Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu, for example, Red Cross restored safe water facilities and provided tools and advice to help people rebuild their homes. Reducing the impact of disasters promotes health and wellbeing. Preventing or reducing the impact of a disaster can save many lives and reduces the human suffering that can result, increasing health and wellbeing

human development:

• The damage to towns and villages is reduced, which protects family’s livelihood and reduces the risk of poverty.
• People are more empowered, which promotes human development.
• Schools and infrastructure suffer less damage which means children can continue to attend school. Providing tools to people to help them rebuild their homes promotes human development, as it empowers people and provides them with the knowledge and skills to be independent

Question 47

NGO

Oxfam Australia

• description
• promoting h+w
• promoting human development

Answer 47

description:
- one of Australia’s largest international development
organisations, operating as a secular, not-for-profit, non-government organisation, with programs in more than 30 countries.
- Oxfam’s vision is a just world without poverty, where people can influence decisions that affect their lives, enjoy their rights and assume their responsibilities, a world in which everyone is valued and treated equally

h+w:
- during emergency situations, Oxfam Australia provides life-saving assistance to people in need. Its work includes the provision of clean water, sanitation facilities, food and health services, and nutrition advice either directly or through other national or international organisations. Following natural disasters or conflicts, Oxfam Australia is also involved in long-term projects to rebuild lives and reduce the risk of future disasters or conflict.

human development:
- when people have the power to claim their basic economic rights, they can escape poverty permanently. This core belief underpins Oxfam’s development programs. With their partners and with local communities, Oxfam helps people claim rights for themselves. This contributes to improved human development, as people are provided with the skills, knowledge and opportunity to participate in decisions that affect the life of their community

Question 48

4 features of effective aid programs

Answer 48

• Ownership by recipient country
• Partnerships
• Results focused
• Transparency and shared accountability

Question 49

Effective aid programs

Ownership by recipient country

Answer 49

For aid to be effective and sustainable, countries receiving the aid must be involved in deciding the types of aid that will best meet their needs. This ensures that the program fits with the longer- term needs and plans of the recipient country.
Programs need to consider the sociocultural and political aspects of the community and be implemented in a socioculturally sensitive way. Delivering messages in local languages and using visual aids for those who are illiterate demonstrates understanding of the community.

Question 50

Effective aid programs

Partnerships

Answer 50

An effective program relies upon the participation of all stakeholders. By forming partnerships, the different strengths of government, non-government organisations and local communities can be used to implement effective programs that make efficient use of the resources available.
Local communities need to have input in the design and implementation of a program to ensure that it is socioculturally appropriate and build the capacity of the community by training locals to develop the necessary knowledge and skills needed to ensure the program continues once outside assistance finishes.

Question 51

Effective aid programs

Focus on results

Answer 51

Making a different and having a lasting impact on addressing poverty, reducing inequality and promoting health and wellbeing and human development should be the main purpose for implementing aid programs.
When aid workers leave the community in which they are working, an effective aid program continues to have a positive impact.

A focus on results also means that changes to patterns of disease, levels of poverty and other indicators are monitored to ensure the implemented program is having the intended effects of improving health and wellbeing.

Question 52

Effective aid programs

Transparency and accountability

Answer 52

Transparency means that all necessary information is made available to everyone who is involved in developing and implementing a program.
Transparency and openness ensure that funding that has been provided to implement a program is used for its intended purpose and not diverted to serve the needs of other stakeholders.
Accountability involves regular monitoring and assessment of progress against the aims and objectives of the program, which is then published and available to the community.

Question 53

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Wellbeing Program in Cambodia – Addressing SDG 3

• purpose
• implementation
• outcomes
• promoting h+w, and human development

Answer 53

The purpose of the sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing program implemented in Cambodia was to improve access to sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing information in the most marginalised and isolated communities in the country.
Lack of knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing is common in remote communities, which leads to poorer maternal health and wellbeing, less use of family planning and higher rates of adolescent pregnancy.

Implementation:

• The program was implemented by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in partnership with UNICEF and the health, education and women’s affairs sectors of the Cambodian government.
• District leaders are trained to conduct outreach information sessions on the topics associated with sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing. They also organise health professionals to speak at the session about issues such as maintaining a healthy pregnancy, the benefits of family planning and the risks associated with early pregnancy.

Outcomes:
- Promoting sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing information also helps in reducing poverty. When people are better informed, they know how to delay childbirth or stop childbearing.

Promoting h+w, hd:

• This program helps promote physical health and wellbeing. Accessing antenatal care during pregnancy and giving birth in a health facility will help reduce deaths from complications during pregnancy.
• Reducing maternal and child deaths also promotes mental and emotional health and wellbeing by removing the grief that is experienced when a mother or baby dies.
• With access to contraceptives and family planning services, couples can plan when they have their children, which promotes physical health and wellbeing.
• Reducing the number of adolescents becoming pregnant also promotes physical and emotional health and wellbeing.
• Pregnancy during adolescence increases the risk of maternal and child death because girls are still developing. This means their bodies are less able to cope with the demands of pregnancy and childbirth. Stillbirths and newborn deaths are much more common among adolescent mothers, both of which contribute to grief and loss, affecting mental and emotional health and wellbeing.
• Having access to contraception means women and families can plan the number and spacing of children. This empowers women and gives them control over decisions that affect their lives. The program also provides couples with knowledge of what is required for a healthy pregnancy. This helps mothers and their children develop to their full potential and enjoy a long and healthy life.

Question 54

Social action

Answer 54

• Social action is about doing something to help create positive change. Individuals can take social action at a personal level or can join an organised group to advocate for change.
• Social action can be used to influence the decisions of those who have the power to make changes, or actions can be taken to directly address a problem and effect change.

Question 55

Reasons for social action

Answer 55

• To help those who are less fortunate than themselves
• To ensure that the needs of all people are represented
• To eliminate discrimination
• To prevent harm and damage to the community or the environment
• To preserve something of historical or social value

Question 56

Ways of taking social action

Answer 56

• Volunteer their time to assist in raising funds
• Donate money to non-government organisations such as World Vision, Oxfam etc
• Conduct fund raising events in the school or community to support a social
  change project.
• Show support for social change campaign by singing online petitions, being
  involves in online competitions and other social media activities.
• Find out more about social issues and implement an awareness campaign
• Use purchasing power to buy products that support actions to promote social change such as Who Gives a Crap toilet paper
• Organise a boycott
• Start a social enterprise activity.