1
Q
alkanes
A
hydrocarbons that only contain carbon TO carbon single bonds
CnC 2n+2
2
Q
naming
A
name brances ALPHABETICALLY
- don’t forget dashes and NO SPACES
3
Q
prefixes for multiple of the same group
A
- di
- tri
- tetra
4
Q
intermolecular bonds
A
BETWEEEN bonds
- hydrogen bonds (must have H bonded to FON)
- dipole-dipole (polar)
- dispersion (all even non-polar)
5
Q
intramolecular boands
A
WITHIN bonds
6
Q
impact of LENGHT if both have same intermolecular bonds
A
1) SMALLER molecule = weaker disperion forces = LOWER mp
2) LARGER molecule = stronger dispersion forces = HIGHER mp
bc more/less electrons present
7
Q
impact of BRANCING if both have same intermolecular bonds
A
side chains PREVENT molecules from “packing tightly togeather”
- branched molecules have weaker disperion forces
- THUS straight chained have STRONGER IMB
8
Q
SAMPLE RESOPNSE: melting point / boiling points
A
1) substance x has stronger IMB
2) more termal energy is required to vibrate and weaken (for MP) / break (for BP) the intermolecular bonds
3) this leads to a higher MP/BP
9
Q
ringed molecules
A
prefix: cyclo
formula: CnH 2n
10
Q
alkenes
A
molecule class: alkene
functional group name: alkenyl
INfix: -en-
formula: CnH 2n
11
Q
staturated
A
have c-c single bonds
A molecule containing the MAXIMUM possible number of hydrogen atoms,
without carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
12
Q
unsaturated
A
have c-c double or triple bonds
13
Q
prefix
A
indicated number of carbons (@ start)
14
Q
infix
A
indicates level of saturation (@middle)
15
Q
suffix
A
indicates primary functional group (@ end)
16
Q
infixes for multiple double bonds
A
“a”
eg. buta-1-diene
17
Q
SAMPLE RESPONSE: MP double bonds
A
- molecule x contains double bond which forms permenant kinks in its chain
- this prevents molecules from packing tighly togeather
- this decreased the strengh of intermolecular forces between molecule x, decreasing the strenght of dispersion forces.
- as a result less energy is required to vibrate and break the intermolecular bonds, resulting in a lower melting point of molecule x
18
Q
Homologous Series
A
19
Q
structural isomers
A
molecules with the same molecular formula BUT a different arrangement of atoms
1) chain isomers
2) positional isomers
3) functional isomers
20
Q
1) chain isomers
A
are a consequence of a carbon’s ability to branch
21
Q
2) positional isomers
A
tend to occur for organic molecules that contain function groups
22
Q
alcohols
A
organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl function group OH
class: alcohol/alkanol
functional group name: hydroxyl
suffix: -ol
priority: medium
23
Q
infixes for alcohols
A
“e”
eg. methanediol
24
Q
primary alcohol
A
attached to one carbon chain
at the end of the chain
25
secondary alcohol
attached to two carbon chains
at middle of the chain
26
tertiary alcohols
attached to three carbon chaine=s
at intersections of the chain
27
ethers
consist of an oxygen atom that is connected to two alkyl groups instead
r-o-r
covered latter!
28
ion dipole bonding
The electrostatic attraction formed between a fully charged ion and a partially charged dipole.
Occurrence: When ionic compounds bond with water while dissolving
MOST STRONGEST. stronger than h-bonding
29
carbonyl group
a functional group consisting of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom
30
carboxyl group
it involves a carbonyl group (c=o) bonded directly to a hydroxyl group (--OH)
class of compound : carboxylic acid
functional group: carboxyl
suffix: -oic acid
priority: highest
general molecular formula: R - COOH
31
2 x carboxylic acids
at both ends!
eg. propanedionic acid
32
carboxylic acids bonding - dimers
The union of two carboxylic acids forming hydrogen bonds with one another.
strongest type of H-bonding of all functional groups
33
viscosity
A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
34
SAMPLE RESPONSE viscosity
Stronger intermolecular bonds
= More tightly packed
= More viscous
35
amines
amino is a functional group that includes nitrogen attached to a carbon in an organic
molecule.
R - NH2
class: amine
functional group: amino
suffix: amine
prefix: amino
priority: middle
36
amides
A carbonyl group covalently attached to an amine.
class: amide
functional group: amide
suffix: amide
priority: high
37
what are addition reactions?
in VCE: generally only occur with alkene
one product is formed
38
hydrogenation
(addition of H2)
Alkene + H2 --> alkane
CATALYST: nickel
39
how do we know how many hydrogen molecules to have in the reaction?
they are EQUAL to the number of cTOc double bonds present in the molecule
40
addition of halogens: type 1
alkene + X2 --> dihaloalkane
no catalyst
41
what does X denote
A HALOGENNN
eg. Br, F, N, I
42
addition of alogens: type 2
alkene + HX --> haloalkane
this creates the possibility that more than products can be formed!
no catalyst
43
polar or molar mass > 70 g/mol
stronger IMB
high MP
more likely to be a liquid
44
non-polar or molar mass < 70 g/mol
weaker IMB
low MP
more likely to be a gass
45
hydration reaction
addition of water (H2O)
alkene + H2O --> alcohol
conditions: @ 300 degrees celcius + H3PO4 (s)
46
what are reactants?
chemicals that directly take part in and directly change during a reaction
47
what is a reagent?
chemicals which are used in a chemical reaction but DO NOT necessarily have to undergo change
include calatlyst
48
amine formation
alkene + ammonia (NH3) --> amine
no calalyst
49
substitution reations
One functional group in the chemical compound is replaced by another functional group
- thus this reaction has TWO products
50
alcohol substitution
haloalkane + OH^- --> alcohol + X^-
OH normally paired like NAOH so product is a precipitate like NACl if halogen was Cl
51
what determines where the hydroxyl fintion group would lie in the substitution reactions?
the position of the halogen grooup in the haloalkane
52
amine substitution
haloalkane + NH3 --> amine + haloH
53
halogenation
involves replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen
alkane + X2 --> haloalkane + HX
catalyst: UV light
reactants: only X2 works, HX does not work
54
aldehyde
class: aldehyde
functional group name: carbonyl
suffix: -al
priority: relativly high
R - CHO
55
keytones
class: keytone
functional group name: carbonyl
suffix: -one
priority: mid
56
what is an oxidation reaction?
OIL
oxidation is the loss of electrons
57
what happens to the oxidation number?
it increases
58
what are the two oxidising agents we can use?
acidified permaganate:
H+ (aq) / MnO4 ^- (aq)
acidified dicromate:
H+ (aq) / Cr2O7^2- (aq)
59
as carbon oxidises...
ON increases
oxygen gets added & hydrogen gets removed
O:H ration increases
60
oxidation of primary alcohols
primary alcohol ---> aldehyde + 2H^+ + 2e^-
catalyst (above arrow): one of two oxidising agents
61
oxidation of aldehydes
aldeyde ---> carboxylic acid + 2H^+ + 2e^-
catalyst (above arrow): one of two oxidising agents
62
oxidation of secondary alcohols
secondary alcohole ---> keytone + 2H^+ + 2e^-
catalyst (above arrow): one of two oxidising agents
63
atom economy
how many atoms in reactants BECOME antoms on the desired product molecule
64
high atom economy
all/almost all of the atoms in the reactants BECOME atoms in desired product molecule
65
low atom economy
some of the atoms in the reactants BECOME atoms in the desired product molecule
unused atoms are the byproducts and regarded as waste
66
FORMULA atom economy
Mr(desired products) / Mr(all reactants) x 100
67
percentage yield
actual yield / theoretical yield x 100
the amount of product experimentally obtained in a chemical reaction compared to the theoretical amount of product
68
FORMULA delta H
energy of bonds broken - energy of bonds formed
69
when breaking bonds...
energy is absobed + enthalpy is positive
70
when bonds are being formed...
energy is released + enthalpy is negative
71
exothermic
DeltaH negative
72
endothermic
DeltaH positive
73
what is a condensation reaction?
the combination of two molecules, which result on the elimination of water or another simple molecule
74
esterification condensation reaction
carboxylic acid + alcohol ---> ester + water
catalyst: highly concentratied H2SO4 (l)
spontaneous = exothermic = no input of energy needed
75
ester
in semi-structural: COOCH2
R -COO- R
suffix: - oate
the side a double bonded O is the main chain!
76
hydrolysis of esters
adding water to break up a molecule
ester + water ---> carboxylic acod + alcohol
catalyst: H+ / enzymes
non-spontaneous = endothermic = thermal (heat) energy required to be inputted
77
amide formation condensation reaction
carboxylic acid + ammino(NH3) ---> water + amide
78
SECONDARY amide formation condensation reaction
carboxylic acid + NH2-R ---> water + secondary amide?`
79
hydrolysis of amides
secondary amide + water ---> carboxylic acid + amine
80
what are protiens made up of?
monomers called amino acids
81
how are protiens made?
through condensation reactions
the OH of one molecule & H of the other molecule's NH2 go away and form a water then the molecules form a peptide linkage.
82
metabolism of protiens
after proteins enter the body:
1. they are broken down into amino acids via hydrolysis reactions
2. rearranged to desired arragement
3. formed into new polypeptides.protiens via condensation reactions
83
glucose
- are the main fundamental building blocks of carbohydrates
- molecular formula: C6H12O6
- molar mass: 180g/mol
IN DATA BOOOOKKK
functional groups present: hydroxyl + ether
84
naming peptides
1. split molecule at each amide bond
2. find main chain
3. ndentify Z group
dahses between the 3 worded abreviations
85
what is a saccaride?
another term for carbohydrates and sugars
86
mono sacarride
consists of only ONE saccarie only
87
what is the linkage called in joined saccarides
glycosinic linkage
88
maltose
the disaccaride formed from two glucose molecues
89
hydrolosyis of saccarides
where water is a reactant
catalyst: maltase
90
3 saccarides name
tri saccarides
91
4+ saccarides name
poly saccarides
92
amylose (starch)
straight --> linear
found in plants to store energy
93
amylopectin (starch)
branched
harder to hydrolyse than amylose
94
glycogen
found in animals
THE MOST BRANCHED of the three
95
SAMPLE: carbohydrate metabolism and storage in body
1) broken down into di saccarides / monosaccarides via hydrolysis
2) stored in boday --> undergoes condensation to become glycogen
96
what are fattty acids
essentially carboxylic acids woth LONG carbon chains
+ non polar
97
esterification reaction of tryglycerides
1. (OH) of glycerol and (H) of a fatty acid break off
2. then the two join with water as a "byproduct"
3. thus tryglyceride formed with water
catalyst: H2SO4 (l)
98
what is the linkage called in a tryglyceride?
ester linkage!
99
Hydrolysis reaction of tryglycerides
water is now the reactant
spliting into glycerol and the 3 fatty acids
100
Hydrolysis reaction of tryglycerides
CATALYST in BODY
lipase
101
Hydrolysis reaction of tryglycerides
CATALYST in NOT BODY
heat/ H+/ KOH
102
formation of biodiesel: reaction 1
hydrolysis of tryglyceride:
tryglyceride + 3 x water ---> glycerol + fatty acid
103
formation of biodiesel: reaction 2
esterification of fatty acid anf methanol
fatty acid + methanol ---> fatty acid methyl ester (biodesial) + waiter
104
formation of biodiesel: reaction 3
OVERALL transesterificiation reaction
tryglyceride + 3 x methanal ---> glycerol + 3 x fatty acid methyl ester (biodeisal)
NaOH
105
properties of LIPIDS: fats
- a solid
- greater MP
- longer C-chains
- no kinks
- straight chained
- animal sourced
106
properties of LIPIDS: oils
- a liquid
- lower MP
- shorter chain
- kinks (c=c)
- plant sourced
107
what do u call a single double bonds?
MONO-unsaturated
108
what do u call 2 or more double bonds?
POLY - unsaturated
109
CHEM
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