Unit 4 Lesson 1 A New Nation

Question 1

When the George Washington become president?

Answer 1

In April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office and became the first president of the United States.

Question 2

Who was George Washington’s vice president?

Answer 2

John Adams was elected to serve as his vice president.

Question 3

Were there many political parties in the past?

Answer 3

Although there were no formal political parties then like there are today,

Question 4

Washington was sympathetic to the group that became known as the..

Answer 4

Federalist Party

Question 5

How did Federalists view poltical particpiation

Answer 5

For Federalists, political participation was dependent upon property. This barred many people from having a say in government.

Question 6

How did Federalists view the social class?

Answer 6

Federalists also believed that the American Revolution did not fundamentally change the social roles between men and women, or between whites and other races.

Question 7

For Federalists who controlled govrement?

Answer 7

To them, government was to be controlled by the elite, the educated, and the wealthy.

Question 8

How did Federalsits belive a goverment should be?

Answer 8

Finally, Federalists believed that the government should be strong. This meant that it had more power than individual states and could have a direct role in areas such as the economy.

Question 9

Upon taking office, Washington and his Federalist supporters took several important and precedent-setting actions. These included the following:

Answer 9

• The bill of rights
• a cabinet
• the judcicary Act of 1789

Question 10

What was the role of the Cabinet?

Answer 10

A cabinet of advisors and department leaders was created to help run the government. It included the posts of secretary of state, secretary of the treasury, secretary of war, and attorney general.

Question 11

What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?

Answer 11

The Judiciary Act of 1789 was passed. It created a Supreme Court made up of six justices.

Question 12

Who did Washington elected as secretary of the treasury?

Answer 12

Washington selected Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury.

Question 13

Who was Alexadndar and what did he belive in

Answer 13

Hamilton was the leader of the Federalists and believed that a strong federal government was needed to solve the nation’s financial problems.

Question 14

When Washington took office, the United States was deep in debt. Go more in debt

Answer 14

Both the federal government and the states owed millions of dollars to foreign nations as well as people in the United States. Since 1780, the U.S. had not repaid these debts and was considered a credit risk, meaning it was difficult for the country to borrow additional funds.

Question 15

What were the main steps of Hamilton’s Financial Program

Answer 15

• Step 1: Guarantee all Debt will be Paid Back
• Step 2: Create a Bank
• Step 3: Raise Taxes

Question 16

Elaborate Step 1: Guarantee all Debt will be Paid Back of Hamiltions Finaicnal plan

Answer 16

The federal government needed to honor both its own debt, plus interest, and promise to pay back the states’ debts. In a sense, Hamilton believed debt was good. If the U.S. owed money to foreign governments and wealthy investors, they would want the country to succeed. For example, if the U.S. owed money to France and the U.S. agreed to pay it back, it would be in France’s interest for the U.S. to prosper.

Question 17

Elborate Step 2 of Hamitons Fincial program what was the Bank of the United States?

Answer 17

Hamilton also argued that a Bank of the United States was needed to stabilize the economy. At the time, several different currencies were being used throughout the country. A national bank could print money and be the place where the federal government deposited its funds.

Question 18

Did the consitution say anything about a bank?

Answer 18

Even though the Constitution said nothing about a bank, Hamilton believed the power was “implied” in Article I Section 8

Question 19

Elaborate the thrid step of Hamilation Fincial plan what was a excise tax?

Answer 19

To raise revenue to pay off the debt, Hamilton proposed taxes. The two he favored were an excise tax, or tax on the purchase of specific goods, as well as a tariff, or tax, on imports.

Question 20

How did Hamilton feel about America manufactoring?

Answer 20

Hamilton also believed it was vital that America develop manufacturing so it would not have to rely on European goods. The tariffs, as well as additional government incentives, were meant to jump-start American industry.

Question 21

How much did the country owe as a whole?

Answer 21

The country owed around $78 million.

Question 22

Whom did the U.S. owe the most money to?

Answer 22

The country owed the most in domestic debt, or money to people in the country.

Question 23

Who was Wshingtons Secretary of State?

Answer 23

Thomas Jefferson.

Question 24

Jefferson and his followers had the following problems with Hamilton’s policies:

Answer 24

• They made the government too powerful.
• They were unconstitutional.
• They favored businesspeople and easterners at the expense of farmers.

Question 25

What party did Jefferson form?

Answer 25

the Democratic-Republicans.

Question 26

What kind of government did Democratic-REpublians believe in?

Answer 26

They stood for limited government and believed that politics should be open to more people. .

Question 27

Democratic-Republicans came from whcih socail groups?

Answer 27

Democratic-Republicans came from the groups that Federalists largely ignored, such as small farmers

Question 28

For Democrtic-Republicans whoshould have more power states of federal goverment?

Answer 28

Democratic-Republicans also believed the states should have more power than the federal government.

Question 29

Democratic-Republicans also believed the states should have more power than the federal government. What is one way to ensure this?

Answer 29

One way to ensure this was to strictly follow the Constitution.

Question 30

Why did Democratic-Republians belive the bank was unconsituinal?

Answer 30

This meant that the federal government could do things only if they were spelled out in the text. Thus, if the Constitution said nothing about creating a bank, it could not be done. This ran against Hamilton’s argument that the Constitution implied things.

Question 31

As part of Hamilton’s financial program, an excise tax on whiskey was passed in 1791. How did Famers feel about this

Answer 31

This tax was particularly unpopular in western Pennsylvania, where many farmers made their living making whiskey. These farmers viewed the tax as proof that the government favored the interests of commercial classes in the east over those of small western farmers.

Question 32

What was the Whiskey REbllion

Answer 32

In the summer of 1794, angry farmers rose up in an event known as the Whiskey Rebellion. They used violence and intimidation against federal tax officials to protest the policies. There was even talk the region might secede from the country.

Question 33

How did farmers view federliasts and Democratic-Republicans

Answer 33

Because the rebels emphasized personal freedoms, they aligned themselves with the Democratic-Republicans. They saw the tax as part of a large Federalist plot to destroy individual liberty.

Question 34

How the response to the Whiskey Reblion a difficult choice?

Answer 34

The events put Washington in a difficult predicament. Using force against a small group of farmers might remind people of the actions of powerful monarchies, but the farmers were resisting the government. And citizens and states ignoring the will of the central government was a key reason the Articles of Confederation had failed.

Question 35

How did the president respond to the whiskey REblion

Answer 35

The president responded by creating a 13,000-man militia to put down the rebellion. This action signaled, both home and abroad, that the new United States was not afraid to flex the strength of a strong central government. Federalists had made it clear they would not tolerate the actions of the mob.

Question 36

Explain Washington’s choice to send troops to squash the rebellion.

Answer 36

If Washington allowed citizens to refuse to follow laws, the country would fall into disorder.

Question 37

What happen in France in 1789

Answer 37

In 1789, France began a revolution of its own. At first it appeared the French Revolution was like the American Revolution. In both cases, a republic replaced a monarchy.

Question 38

What was the Reign of Terror

Answer 38

between 1793–1794, a Reign of Terror swept France. During this period, there was extreme violence, such as public beheadings, against supposed enemies of the revolution.

Question 39

How did the French Revolution impact poltics in America

Answer 39

It furthered the divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

Question 40

How di Federalsits view the French revolution

Answer 40

Federalists saw the French Revolution as something that should be feared. They worried the violence and mob rule could come to the U.S.

Question 41

How did Democratic Republicans view the French revlution

Answer 41

Democratic-Republicans viewed the events with more optimism. They thought the horrors of the revolution were an unfortunate, but necessary, part of eliminating the monarchy.

Question 42

In 1794 France outlawd slavery why is that

Answer 42

Slave rebellions began in the Caribbean, including one in the French colony of what is now Haiti. In 1794, France outlawed slavery throughout its empire.

Question 43

How did Americans react to the outlaw of slaverly?

Answer 43

Many American slaveholders feared the same could happen in the U.S.

Question 44

How did US respond to the War in France and Birain

Answer 44

France declared war on Britain. France then asked the U.S. to repay its Revolutionary War debts. If the U.S. repaid the debts, Britain would consider it a hostile act. Democratic-Republicans declared their support for France and urged war against Britain. President Washington declared neutrality, a policy where the United States would not support either side in the war.

Question 45

Why does Washington believe involvement in foreign affairs will divide Americans at home?

Answer 45

He thinks it will cause people in the U.S. to take sides. This will cause Americans to turn on one another.

Question 46

Why does Washington believe the U.S. should have little political connection with Europe?

Answer 46

Europe has her own political concerns and issues that are not relevant to America.

Question 47

Describe the election of 1796

Answer 47

The presidential election of 1796 was the first time two political parties each ran a candidate. In the election, Federalist John Adams narrowly defeated Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson. Because of the rules of the time, Jefferson became vice president.

Question 48

Due to its war with Britain, France declared it could seize any ships carrying British goods. This resulted in the capture of more than 800 American vessels. How did Adams respond

Answer 48

Believing the United States was not prepared for war, Adams wanted a diplomatic solution. He sent representatives to negotiate a deal with France.

Question 49

What happened during the XYZ Affair

Answer 49

. The French sent emissaries—known as X, Y, and Z—to meet the American representatives. But instead of a deal, the French told the Americans they must repay all debts, lend France a substantial sum of money, and pay a bribe

Question 50

How did Americans react to the XYZ affairs

Answer 50

News of the French demands, known as the XYZ Affair, outraged the Americans and turned public opinion against France. To many, it appeared as though the pro-French Democratic-Republicans had been wrong all along.

Question 51

The surge in anti-French sentiment led Congress to act. What act did they put out in 1798?

Answer 51

In 1798, the Alien and Sedition Acts were signed into law.

Question 52

What was the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Answer 52

The acts aimed to increase national security against France

Question 53

How were the Alien and Dedition Acts controversal

Answer 53

* The president was given the power to deport new arrivals who were seen as a threat. * It became illegal to write or speak “in a scandalous or malicious manner” against the government.

Question 54

How did Democratic-Republicans react to this act?

Answer 54

Democratic-Republicans argued that the laws were further evidence that the Federalists wanted to crush individual liberty.

Question 55

How did Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison react to the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Answer 55

Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the response to the acts by anonymously writing a series of statements known as the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Question 56

What did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions state?

Answer 56

These documents argued the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. Importantly, the resolutions introduced the idea of nullification

Question 57

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions brought up the idea of nullifcation what was nulification?

Answer 57

Nullification is the theory that states had the ability to decide whether a law was constitutional. If the law was deemed unjust, states could nullify or overturn it.

Question 58

Describe the election of 1800

Answer 58

In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams by eight electoral votes. The election is sometimes called the Revolution of 1800 because it was the first time in U.S. history that power went from one political party to another. It was also a nonviolent change of government—at that time a rarity in world history.

Question 59

How did Thomas Jefferson feel about **yeoman** **farmers** in the government?

Answer 59

He wanted to allow more people to participate in democracy, namely white **yeoman** **farmers** on small farms raising crops without the use of slaves. He believed the interests of these farmers should be stressed, rather than those of the coastal business classes favored by the Federalists.

Question 60

What were Jeffersons beliefs in goverment

Answer 60

Jefferson supported states’ rights and insisted the federal government should take a limited role in people’s lives. He believed in a small military and slashed the size of the navy.

Question 61

What did Adams dieafet mean to the Federalist power?

Answer 61

Adams’s defeat signaled the end of Federalist power. He would be the last of his party to hold the presidency.

Question 62

Where was Federalist power now

Answer 62

However, there was one place Federalist power lingered—the Supreme Court.

Question 63

What was the case of Marbuty V. Madison?

Answer 63

In 1803, the monumental case of Marbury v. Madison was decided. The case concerned one of John Adams’s last-minute government appointments

Question 64

What was the outsome of Marbury v. Madison

Answer 64

In the decision, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that portions of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were unconstitutional. This finding started an important precedent known as **judicial** **review**.

Question 65

What is the judicial review?

Answer 65

This is the idea that the Supreme Court is the only body that has the right to decide if a law is constitutional.

Question 66

How do you think Jefferson felt about the Marbury v. Madison decision? Why?

Answer 66

Jefferson would have opposed the decision. In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, he argued that states had the right to nullify laws. Marbury v. Madison gave this right to the Supreme Court.

Question 67

How did Marbury v. Madison expand the power of the federal government?

Answer 67

The decision gave the power of judicial review to one of three branches of the federal government rather than the states. Thus, it made the federal government stronger, and the states weaker.

Question 68

What was the Lousiana purchase?

Answer 68

Jefferson’s goal of giving more land to small farmers was realized in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the country.

Question 69

Who was Robert R Livingston

Answer 69

Robert R. Livingston was an integral person who helped negotiate the sale of this land.

Question 70

Despite the popularity of the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson faced criticism for his decision. Why is that

Answer 70

nowhere in the Constitution did it state that a president could add land the way it was done in the Louisiana Purchase. In addition, many northerners feared the new territory would lead to more slave states, resulting in a loss of power for northern states.

Question 71

What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Answer 71

Lewis and Clark Expedition, a scientific expedition authorized by Jefferson to study the people, lands, and animal and plant species of the North American continent across the Louisiana Territory and to the Pacific Coast.

Question 72

What were the Corps of discovery

Answer 72

Lewis and Clark formed a Corps of Discovery to explore the Louisiana Territory. One of their directives was to establish friendly relationships with Native Americans, introduce them to American trade goods, and encourage them to make peace.

Question 73

What role do gifts play in the relationship between the Corps of Discovery and the Native Americans?

Answer 73

Gifts such as steel traps, corn, meat, and axes were constantly being exchanged between the two groups. The exchange of gifts was an important part of the relationship.

Question 74

During the Frecnh and Brithis role; Britina enaged in impressemnt. waht is impressemnt

Answer 74

The British engaged in a practice called impressment, during which they captured American sailors and forced them to join the Royal Navy.

Question 75

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the impressment?

Answer 75

He called for a ban on trade known as the Embargo Act of 1807.

Question 76

What is the Embargo Act of 1807?

Answer 76

He called for a ban on trade known as the Embargo Act of 1807. This law banned Americans from trading with any country until both France and Britain agreed to stop seizing American ships.

Question 77

How did the Embargo Act of 1807 backfire

Answer 77

While the policy did have a small effect on Britain, American farmers could no longer sell their goods overseas. Seaport cities faced severe unemployment. The law also led to widespread smuggling as Americans attempted to avoid the embargo.

Question 78

What is the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Answer 78

At the end of his presidency, Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809. The policy softened the original law by allowing trade with any country except France and Britain.

Question 79

To some, it also seemed like Jefferson’s embargo was a betrayal of his Democratic-Republican principles. After all, Jefferson was a supporter of limited government and a strict reading of the Constitution. elaborate

Answer 79

But the embargo enabled the government to take a direct role in economic policy. In addition, nowhere in the Constitution was the president given the ability to shut down commerce. Instead the power was, as Hamilton would say, implied. Answer the following question:

Question 80

Why was the Embargo Act unpopular with both Democratic-Republicans and Federalists?

Answer 80

Many Democratic-Republicans were small farmers. They could no longer sell their goods overseas. Federalists were merchants along the East Coast. These merchants were no longer allowed to trade with foreign countries.