unit 4 part 2 vocab

Question 1

defense mechanisms

Answer 1

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Question 2

repression

Answer 2

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 3

Alfred Adler

Answer 3

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of “inferiority complex” and stressed the importance of birth order

Question 4

Karen Horney

Answer 4

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of “basic anxiety”

Question 5

Carl Jung

Answer 5

neo-Freudian who created concept of “collective unconscious” and wrote books on dream interpretation

Question 6

self efficacy

Answer 6

our sense of competence and effectiveness.

Question 7

self-serving bias

Answer 7

a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably.

Question 8

narcissism

Answer 8

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Question 9

individualism

Answer 9

a cultural pattern that emphasizes people’s own goals over group goals and defines identity mainly in terms of unique personal attributes

Question 10

collectivism

Answer 10

a cultural pattern that prioritizes the goals of important groups (often one’s extended family or work group)

Question 11

reciprocal determinism

Answer 11

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Question 12

spotlight effect

Answer 12

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Question 13

sensation seeking

Answer 13

the tendency to search out and engage in thrilling activities as a method of increasing stimulation and arousal. It typically takes the form of engaging in highly stimulating activities that have an element of danger, such as skydiving or race-car driving.

Question 14

ethnocentrism

Answer 14

the practice of regarding one’s own ethnic, racial, or social group as the center of all things. Just as egocentrism is a sense of self-superiority, so ethnocentrism is the parallel tendency to judge one’s group as superior to other groups.

Question 15

implicit attitude

Answer 15

a relatively enduring and general evaluative response of which a person has little or no conscious awareness.

Question 16

confirmation bias

Answer 16

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 17

facial feedback effect

Answer 17

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Question 18

behavior feedback effect

Answer 18

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 19

dispositional attribution

Answer 19

the ascription of one’s own or another’s actions, an event, or an outcome to internal or psychological causes specific to the person concerned, such as traits, moods, attitudes, decisions and judgments, abilities, or effort

Question 20

situational attribution

Answer 20

the ascription of one’s own or another’s behavior, an event, or an outcome to causes outside the person concerned, such as luck, pressure from other people, or external circumstances

Question 21

internal locus of control

Answer 21

the perception that we control our own fate

Question 22

Drive reduction theory

Answer 22

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 23

incentive theory

Answer 23

the theory that motivation arousal depends on the interaction between environmental incentives (i.e., stimulus objects)—both positive and negative—and an organism’s psychological and physiological states (e.g., drive states)

Question 24

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 24

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 25

affiliation need

Answer 25

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

Question 26

self determination theory

Answer 26

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Question 27

intrinsic motivation

Answer 27

the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 28

extrinsic motivation

Answer 28

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 29

ostracism

Answer 29

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Question 30

achievement motivation

Answer 30

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Question 31

set point

Answer 31

the point at which the "weight thermostat" may be set. When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

Question 32

basal metabolic rate

Answer 32

the body's resting rate of energy output.

Question 33

belief perseverance

Answer 33

the persistence of one's initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 34

cognitive dissonance

Answer 34

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Question 35

halo effect

Answer 35

a rating bias in which a general evaluation (usually positive) of a person, or an evaluation of a person on a specific dimension, influences judgments of that person on other specific dimensions. For example, a person who is generally liked might be judged as more intelligent, competent, and honest than they actually are

Question 36

door in the face technique

Answer 36

a two-step procedure for enhancing compliance in which an extreme initial request is presented immediately before a more moderate target request. Rejection of the initial request makes people more likely to accept the target request than would have been the case if the latter had been presented on its own

Question 37

low ball technique

Answer 37

a procedure for enhancing compliance by first obtaining agreement to a request and then revealing the hidden costs of this request. Compliance to the target request is greater than would have been the case if these costs had been made clear at the time of the initial request

Question 38

false consensus effect

Answer 38

the tendency to assume that one's own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case. A robustly demonstrated phenomenon, the false-consensus effect is often attributed to a desire to view one's thoughts and actions as appropriate, normal, and correct.

Question 39

Robber's Cave Experiment

Answer 39

-at boy scout camp people seperated into 2 groups CONFLICT

Question 40

-groups fight with each other

Question 41

-when told to do challenge with need work together they became friends

Question 42

contact hypothesis

Answer 42

the proposition that interaction among people belonging to different groups will reduce intergroup prejudice.

Question 43

prisoner's dilemma

Answer 43

situation where individual decision-makers always have the incentive to choose in a way that creates a less-than-optimal outcome for the individuals as a group

Question 44

commons dilemma

Answer 44

a social dilemma that occurs when a course of action benefiting individual members of a community in the short term is detrimental to the long-term welfare of the community

Question 45

external locus of control

Answer 45

a construct that is used to categorize people's basic motivational orientations and perceptions of how much control they have over the conditions of their lives. People with an external locus of control tend to behave in response to external circumstances and to perceive their life outcomes as arising from factors out of their control.

Question 46

upward social comparison

Answer 46

comparing oneself with someone judged to be better than oneself (e.g., by having more wealth or material goods, higher social standing, greater physical attractiveness)

Question 47

downward social comparison

Answer 47

comparing oneself with someone judged to be not as good as oneself

Question 48

relative deprivation

Answer 48

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

Question 49

reference group

Answer 49

a group or social aggregate that individuals use as a standard or frame of reference when selecting and appraising their own abilities, attitudes, or beliefs

Question 50

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 50

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Question 51

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Answer 51

a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types

Question 52

NEO-PI

Answer 52

a personality questionnaire designed to assess the factors of the five-factor personality model. neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience.

Question 53

optimal arousal theory

Answer 53

a motivational theory that an individual maintains contact with various stimuli so as to achieve and maintain a preferred level of stimulation.

Question 54

approach-approach conflict

Answer 54

a situation involving a choice between two equally desirable but incompatible alternatives

Question 55

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 55

a situation involving a single goal or option that has both desirable and undesirable aspects or consequences. The closer an individual comes to the goal, the greater the anxiety, but withdrawal from the goal then increases the desire

Question 56

James-Lange Theory

Answer 56

the theory that different feeling states stem from the feedback from the viscera and voluntary musculature to the brain. This theory hypothesizes that there are as many physiological responses as there are different intrapsychic feelings and that each of these responses precedes rather than follows the feeling.

Question 57

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 57

the theory that emotional states result from the influence of lower brain centers (the hypothalamus and thalamus) on higher ones (the cortex), rather than from sensory feedback to the brain produced by peripheral internal organs and voluntary musculature. According to this theory, the thalamus controls the experience of emotion, and the hypothalamus controls the expression of emotion, both of which occur simultaneously.

Question 58

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 58

the theory that experiencing and identifying emotional states are functions of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations of the physical state

Question 59

broaden and build theory of emotion

Answer 59

positive emotions broaden people's thoughts and actions, which in turn builds their personal resources. This theory suggests that repeated positive emotions can lead to upward spirals of well-being

Question 60

social reciprocity norm

Answer 60

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Question 61

implicit association test

Answer 61

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.

Question 62

replication

Answer 62

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

Question 63

Stanford Prison Study

Answer 63

A social psychological study conducted at Stanford University by Philip Zimbardo. Its aim was to study the impact of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play the role of either prisoner or guard. This study was terminated early because of the role-induced punitive behavior on the part of the "guards."

Question 64

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 64

the diminished sense of responsibility often experienced by individuals in groups and social collectives. The diffusion has been proposed as a possible mediator of a number of group-level phenomena

Question 65

Public goods dilemma

Answer 65

a type of social dilemma in which individuals incur the cost to contribute to a collective resource, though they may never benefit from that resource

Question 66

Conscious

Answer 66

The part of the mind that contains thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that one is currently aware of

Question 67

Preconscious

Answer 67

in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness

Question 68

Denial

Answer 68

A defense mechanism in which an individual refuses to accept reality or facts, blocking external events from awareness to protect themselves from distress

Question 69

Displacement

Answer 69

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Question 70

projection

Answer 70

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Question 71

Rationalization

Answer 71

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Question 72

Reaction Formation

Answer 72

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Question 73

Regression

Answer 73

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Question 74

Repression

Answer 74

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 75

sublimation

Answer 75

A defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behaviors, often in the form of art, work, or creativity.