unit 5 part 2 vocab

Question 1

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 1

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Question 2

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 2

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Question 3

rational emotive behavior therapy

Answer 3

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Question 4

deinstitutionalization

Answer 4

the process, begun in the late twentieth century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities

Question 5

psychotherapy

Answer 5

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Question 6

group therapy

Answer 6

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

Question 7

confirmation bias

Answer 7

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 8

meta analysis

Answer 8

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Question 9

therapeutic alliance

Answer 9

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

Question 10

psychopharmacology

Answer 10

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Question 11

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 11

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders

Question 12

antianxiety drugs

Answer 12

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Question 13

cognitive therapy

Answer 13

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Question 14

cognitive behavior therapy

Answer 14

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Question 15

eustress

Answer 15

the positive stress response, involving optimal levels of stimulation: a type of stress that results from challenging but attainable and enjoyable or worthwhile tasks; experiencing stress as positive and motivating

Question 16

distress

Answer 16

the negative stress response, often involving negative affect and physiological reactivity: a type of stress that results from being overwhelmed by demands, losses, or perceived threats; experiencing stress as negative and debilitating

Question 17

cognitive restructuring

Answer 17

a technique used in cognitive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy to help the client identify their self-defeating beliefs or cognitive distortions, refute them, and then modify them so that they are adaptive and reasonable

Question 18

alarm stage

Answer 18

phase 1 of Selye’s GAS; your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated. your heart rate zooms. blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. with your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight back.

Question 19

resistance stage

Answer 19

phase 2 of Selye’s GAS; your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. your endocrine system pumps epinephrine and norepinephrine into your bloodstream. you are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge. as time passes, with no relief from stress, your body’s reserves dwindle.

Question 20

exhaustion stage

Answer 20

phase 3 of Selye’s GAS; you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death

Question 21

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 21

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases — alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 22

antidepressant drugs

Answer 22

drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 23

electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 23

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person

Question 24

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 24

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Question 25

psychosurgery

Answer 25

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Question 26

lobotomy

Answer 26

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Question 27

dissociation

Answer 27

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Question 28

posttraumatic growth

Answer 28

positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Question 29

courage (as it applies to character strengths)

Answer 29

the ability to meet a difficult challenge despite the physical, psychological, or moral risks involved in doing so; bravery, honesty, perseverance, and zest

Question 30

humanity (as it applies to character strengths)

Answer 30

compassion in one's personal relations with specific others, shown by kindness, nurturance, charity, and love; kindness, love, and social intelligence

Question 31

justice (as it applies to character strengths)

Answer 31

the impartial and fair settlement of conflict and differences, typically by legal process and the imposition of proportionate punishment; fairness, leadership, and teamwork

Question 32

temperance (as it applies to character strengths)

Answer 32

any form of auspicious self-restraint, manifested as self-regulation in monitoring and managing one's emotions, motivation, and behavior and as self-control in the attainment of adaptive goals;

Question 33

forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation

Question 34

transcendence (as it applies to character strengths)

Answer 34

a state of existence or perception that is not definable in terms of normal understanding or experience;

Question 35

appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality

Question 36

prognosis

Answer 36

a prediction of the course, duration, severity, and outcome of a condition, disease, or disorder

Question 37

prevalence

Answer 37

the total number or percentage of cases (e.g., of a disease or disorder) existing in a population, either at a given point in time (point prevalence) or during a specified period (period prevalence)

Question 38

comorbidity

Answer 38

the simultaneous presence in an individual of more than one illness, disease, or disorder

Question 39

psychological disorder

Answer 39

a disturbance in people's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives

Question 40

american psychiatric association

Answer 40

a national medical and professional organization whose physician members specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

Question 41

world health organization

Answer 41

the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations

Question 42

international classification of mental disorders

Answer 42

the global standard for diagnostic classification of all health conditions as compiled by the World Health Organization (WHO) for clinical, health management, and epidemiological purposes

Question 43

eclectic psychotherapy

Answer 43

any psychotherapy that is based on a combination of theories or approaches or uses concepts and techniques from a number of different sources, including the integrated professional experiences of the therapist

Question 44

behavioral psychology

Answer 44

an approach to understanding psychological phenomena that focuses on observable aspects of behavior and makes use of behavior theory for explanation

Question 45

fight-flight-freeze response

Answer 45

responsible for mediating escape from both conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli in nonconflict situations; its activation is associated with a state of fear

Question 46

character strengths

Answer 46

a classification system to identify positive traits; organized into categories of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence

Question 47

dysfunction

Answer 47

any impairment, disturbance, or deficiency in behavior or operation

Question 48

etiology

Answer 48

1. the causes and progress of a disease or disorder 2. the branch of medical and psychological science concerned with the systematic study of the causes of physical and mental disorders

Question 49

social learning

Answer 49

learning that is facilitated through social interactions with other individuals

Question 50

psychodynamic approach

Answer 50

the psychological and psychiatric approach that views human behavior from the standpoint of unconscious motives that mold the personality, influence attitudes, and produce emotional disorder

Question 51

humanistic perspective

Answer 51

the assumption in psychology that people are essentially good and constructive, that the tendency toward self-actualization is inherent, and that, given the proper environment, human beings will develop to their maximum potential

Question 52

cognitive psychology

Answer 52

the branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior

Question 53

evolutionary psychology

Answer 53

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Question 54

sociocultural perspective

Answer 54

1. any viewpoint or approach to health, mental health, history, politics, economics, or any other area of human experience that emphasizes the environmental factors of society, culture, and social interaction.

Question 55

2. in developmental psychology, the view that cognitive development is guided by adults interacting with children, with the cultural context determining to a large extent how, where, and when these interactions take place

Question 56

biological perspective

Answer 56

an approach to abnormal psychology that emphasizes physiologically based causative factors and, consequently, tends to focus primarily upon biological therapies

Question 57

concordance rate

Answer 57

the percentage of pairs of twins or other blood relatives who exhibit a particular trait or disorder

Question 58

biopsychosocial

Answer 58

denoting a systematic integration of biological, psychological, and social approaches to the study of mental health and specific mental disorders

Question 59

diathesis-stress model

Answer 59

the concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors (stress) to influence psychological disorder

Question 60

positive symptom

Answer 60

a symptom of schizophrenia that represents an excess or distortion of normal function, as distinct from a deficiency in or lack of normal function. include delusions or hallucinations, disorganized behavior, and manifest conceptual disorganization

Question 61

negative symptom

Answer 61

a deficit in the ability to perform the normal functions of living—for example, logical thinking, self-care, social interaction, and planning, initiating, and carrying out constructive actions—as shown in apathy, blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, and lack of spontaneity

Question 62

catatonia

Answer 62

a state of muscular rigidity or other disturbance of motor behavior, such as catalepsy, extreme overactivity, or adoption of bizarre postures. it is most frequently observed in catatonic schizophrenia

Question 63

catatonic excitement

Answer 63

periods of extreme restlessness and excessive and apparently purposeless motor activity, often as a symptom of catatonic schizophrenia

Question 64

catatonic stupor

Answer 64

a state of significantly decreased reactivity to environmental stimuli and events and reduced spontaneous movement, often as a symptom of catatonic schizophrenia

Question 65

flat affect

Answer 65

total or near absence of appropriate emotional responses to situations and events

Question 66

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 66

the influential theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess of dopamine in the brain, due either to an overproduction of dopamine or a deficiency of the enzyme needed to convert dopamine to norepinephrine

Question 67

glutamate hypothesis

Answer 67

the theory that decreased activity of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is responsible for the clinical expression of schizophrenia

Question 68

seasonal affective disorder

Answer 68

a mood disorder in which there is a predictable occurrence of major depressive episodes, manic episodes, or both at particular times of the year

Question 69

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 69

a mood disorder in women that begins in the week prior to the onset of menstruation and subsides within the first few days of menstruation. women experience mood swings, including markedly depressed mood, anxiety, feelings of helplessness, and decreased interest in activities

Question 70

rapid cycling bipolar disorder

Answer 70

mood disturbance that fluctuates over a short period, most commonly between manic and depressive symptoms

Question 71

panic attack

Answer 71

sudden episodes of intense dread and physical arousal; a sudden onset of intense apprehension and fearfulness in the absence of actual danger, accompanied by the presence of such physical symptoms as heart palpitations, difficulty breathing, chest pain or discomfort, choking or smothering sensations, sweating, and dizziness

Question 72

ataque de nervios

Answer 72

a culture-bound syndrome found among Latinos, characterized by shaking, uncontrollable shouting or crying, a sense of rising heat, loss of control, and verbal or physical aggression, followed by fainting or seizurelike episodes

Question 73

taijin kyofusho

Answer 73

a phobia, similar to social phobia and unique to Japan, that is characterized by an intense fear that one's body parts, bodily functions, or facial expressions are embarrassing or offensive to others; the fear that others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing

Question 74

obsession

Answer 74

a persistent thought, idea, image, or impulse that is experienced as intrusive or inappropriate and results in marked anxiety, distress, or discomfort

Question 75

compulsion

Answer 75

a type of behavior (e.g., hand washing, checking) or a mental act (e.g., counting, praying) engaged in to reduce anxiety or distress. typically, the individual feels driven or compelled to perform the compulsion to reduce the distress associated with an obsession or to prevent a dreaded event or situation

Question 76

cluster A personality disorders

Answer 76

people appear eccentric or odd, as in the suspiciousness of paranoid personality disorder; the social detachment of schizoid personality disorder; or the magical thinking of schizotypal personality disorder

Question 77

cluster B personality disorders

Answer 77

people appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic, as in the unstable, attention-getting borderline personality disorder; the self-focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder; the excessively emotional histrionic personality disorder; and the callous, and often dangerous, antisocial personality disorder

Question 78

cluster C personality disorders

Answer 78

people appear anxious or fearful, as in the fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder; the clinging behavior of dependent personality disorder; and the preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control that characterizes obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Question 79

clinical psychology

Answer 79

the branch of psychology that specializes in the research, assessment, diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders

Question 80

counseling psychology

Answer 80

the branch of psychology that specializes in facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan

Question 81

psychiatrist

Answer 81

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and study of mental, behavioral, and personality disorders

Question 82

psychotropic drug

Answer 82

any drug that has significant effects on psychological processes, such as thinking, perception, and emotion; a chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perceptions and moods.

Question 83

nonmaleficence

Answer 83

seek to do you no harm

Question 84

free association

Answer 84

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing