Unit 4 SAFMEDS

Question 1

The Law of Effect

Answer 1

organisms learn through the consequences of their actions

Question 2

Edward Lee Thorndike

Answer 2

discovered The Law of Effect

Question 3

Operant Behavior

Answer 3

behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences

Question 4

Consequences in Operant behavior

Answer 4

have a strengthening or weakening effect on the future probability of the behavior under similar conditions

Question 5

Operant Selection

Answer 5

the ability to learn through consequences, which results in new behavior and changes in dimensions of behavior

Question 6

Process of operant selection

Answer 6

behavioral variability, selection by consequence, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organism’s lifetime

Question 7

Simplest type of operant contingency

Answer 7

R-S (Response-Stimulus)

Question 8

Basic 3-term contingency

Answer 8

S-R-S, more popularly stated as A-B-C (antecedent-behavior-consequence)

Question 9

2 general types of consequences

Answer 9

reinforcement and punishment

Question 10

Extinction (from reinforcement) and Recovery (from punishment)

Answer 10

two other types of consequences that consist of withholding previous consequences

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

Question 12

Reinforcement

Answer 12

an environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

Question 13

5 Critical attributes of reinforcement

Answer 13

environmental change must occur after the response, must occur immediately after the response, contingent upon the response, must increase or maintain future responding, automaticity

Question 14

Automaticity

Answer 14

behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; works without any need for verbal-mediation

Question 15

Premack Principle

Answer 15

if the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high-probability” behavior is made contingent on engaging in a “less preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the “less preferred” behavior will increase

Question 16

Reinforcer

Answer 16

a stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response

Question 17

6 Variable attributes of reinforcement

Answer 17

conditioned or unconditioned, positive or negative, automatic or socially mediated, variety of schedules, natural or planned, reinforcing under some conditions but not others

Question 18

Unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 18

a stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (genetics)

Question 19

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 19

A stimulus that initially has no 
innate reinforcing properties, but
acquires reinforcing properties
through pairing with unconditioned
reinforcers or powerful
conditioned reinforcers; effect is
due to ontogenic provenance
(experiences)

Question 20

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

Answer 20

A conditioned reinforcer that has
been paired with a variety of other
reinforcers and is effective for a
wide range of behaviors

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

An environmental change in which
a stimulus is added (presented) or
magnified following a response,
that increases or maintains the
future frequency of that response

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

An environmental change in which
a stimulus is subtracted
(withdrawn or removed) or
attenuated following a response,
and increases or maintains the
future frequency of that behavior

Question 23

Escape

Answer 23

Behavior that terminates an
aversive stimulus and is
maintained by negative
reinforcement

Question 24

Avoidance

Answer 24

A response terminates a
“warning” stimulus; prevents or
delays the onset of the aversive
stimulus

Question 25

Warning stimulus

Answer 25

A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus

Question 26

Unsignaled avoidance

Answer 26

No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event

Question 27

Automatic Reinforcement

Answer 27

The response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence; the consequence is NOT mediated by another person

Question 28

Socially Mediated Reinforcement

Answer 28

The consequence is mediated by | another person

Question 29

4 Types of Reinforcement

Answer 29

Socially mediated positive, Socially mediated negative, Automatic positive, Automatic negative

Question 30

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 30

Specifies the criteria for reinforcement in terms of number of responses required and/or when the response occurs

Question 31

Planned reinforcement

Answer 31

A person explicitly arranged the | contingency

Question 32

Unplanned reinforcement

Answer 32

The contingency occurred naturally and was not explicitly arranged

Question 33

5 Variables affecting reinforcer | effectiveness

Answer 33

``` Deprivation and satiation, species-specific biological preparedness, response effort, competing reinforcers, environmental context ```

Question 34

Competing reinforcers

Answer 34

``` Different reinforcers are available at the same time, for the same behavior, and/or for competing behavior and they may alter each other’s value ```

Question 35

Operant Extinction

Answer 35

The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement

Question 36

3 Critical attributes of extinction

Answer 36

``` Behavior has been previously reinforced, reinforcement must be withheld every time the behavior occurs, the behavior has to be weakened ```

Question 37

3 Variable attributes of operant | extinction

Answer 37

``` May be an extinction burst, may exhibit variation in topography and emotional responses following extinction, may involve withholding a stimulus or not withdrawing an aversive stimulus ```

Question 38

Operant Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 38

The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction

Question 39

Resurgence

Answer 39

The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior

Question 40

Punishment

Answer 40

``` An environmental change immediately following a response which decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions ```

Question 41

Unconditioned Punisher

Answer 41

A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning; its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (genetics)

Question 42

Conditioned Punisher

Answer 42

``` A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers; its effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences) ```

Question 43

Positive Punishment

Answer 43

``` An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that response ```

Question 44

Negative Punishment

Answer 44

``` An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior ```

Question 45

Time-out from positive | reinforcement

Answer 45

``` A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforcers for an amount of time ```

Question 46

2 Variables affecting punishment

Answer 46

Motivating Operations (MOs) and competing reinforcement contingencies

Question 47

Recovery from Punishment

Answer 47

The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment