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Biology > Unit 4a Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 4a Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between somatic cells & germ cells

A

-Somatic- body cells, made up of most of your body tissues and organs
-Germ- Found in reproductive organs, develop into gametes, DNA can be passed onto offspring

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are contained in human somatic cells?

A

46

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3
Q

Name the male gamete

A

Sperm cells

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4
Q

what is the term for female gamete?

A

Ova (eggs)

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5
Q

How many chromosomes are contained in a human gamete?

A

23

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6
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Has the same genes but a different code

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7
Q

What gender is a person whose nuclei contain one x and one y chromosomes? (XY)

A

Male

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8
Q

What gender is a person whose nuclei contain two x chromosomes? (XX)

A

Female

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9
Q

Which contains MORE genes- an x chromosomes or a y chromosome?

A

X Chromosome

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10
Q

What is the term for the fusion of an egg cell & a sperm cell?

A

Fertilization

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11
Q

Differentiate between diploid (2n) & haploid (n) cells

A

Diploid (2n)- has two copies of each chromosomes while haploid (n) has only one copy

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12
Q

Are somatic cells diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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13
Q

Why is it important that gametes are haploid?

A

When the sperm and egg cell fuse together, the cell will have 46 chromosomes

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14
Q

What type of division does germ cells undergo in order to produce gametes?

A

Miosis

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15
Q

How many cells are produced by mitosis?

A

2

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16
Q

How many cells are produced by meiosis

A

4

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17
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Production of gametes

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18
Q

What are polar bodies?

A

One of the four cells produced by meiosis will become an egg. The egg will receive most of the organelles. The other cells will go on to become polar bodies

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19
Q

Why is genetic variation a good thing for a species?

A

Helps them adapt to new environments or survive

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20
Q

what happens when crossing over occurs during meiosis?

A

Exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis 1. This results in recombination

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21
Q

What is gene linkage?

A

Genes located close together can be inherited together

22
Q

What stage must happen before humans are able to reproduce?

A

Puberty

23
Q

Where are the human egg cells produced?

A

Ovaries

24
Q

What is the main female hormone that controls reproduction?

A

Estrogen

25
Q

What happens to a human egg once it leaves and ovary?

A

Enters the fallopian tube

26
Q

In what organ will a fertilized egg develop into a baby?

A

Uterus

27
Q

Where are human sperm produced?

A

Testicles

28
Q

What is the main male hormone that controls reproduction?

A

Testosterone

29
Q

What is the term for that cell that forms when an egg and sperm unites?

A

Zygote

30
Q

What is the name for the fluid-filled sac that protects a developing embryo?

A

Amniotic sac

31
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

Connects the mother and the embryo, allowing the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

32
Q

How are the embryo & the placenta connected?

A

Umbilical cord

33
Q

A human pregnancy typically last about ___ months

A

9

34
Q

What are the three major stages of a human pregnancy called?

A

Trimesters

35
Q

Why is it challenging for scientist to study DNA?

A

While DNA is a large molecule its far too small to see

36
Q

what do scientist use to cut up DNA into manageable sections?

A

Enzymes

37
Q

What is a restriction map?

A

DNA fingerprint

38
Q

what is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A

Technique that produces millions-billions of copies of a specific DNA sequence in just a few hours

39
Q

List three great uses for DNA fingerprinting

A

-Solving crimes
-Prove family relationships
-Identify genetically engineered crops

40
Q

What is a clone?

A

Genetically identical copy of a gene or an entire organism

41
Q

Why are bacteria that reproduced via binary fission clones of each other?

A

Exact same DNA

42
Q

What are some issues associated with the cloning of mammals?

A

-Unhealthy
-Age quickly
-Environmental factors

43
Q

Why is genetic engineering possible?

A

All organism share the same basic nucleotides

44
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA that contains genes from more than one organism

45
Q

What does it mean when a organism is transgenic?

A

Organism that has one of more genes from another organism inserted in its genome

46
Q

What are some issues that many people have with genetically modified (GM) plants?

A

-Not enough research
-some genes can cause allergic reactions
-Consequences to the environment
-Genetic diversity is decreased

47
Q

What is a genome?

A

All organisms genetic information

48
Q

What is genomics?

A

Study of genomes

49
Q

what is the purpose of the Human Genome project?

A

It mapped and sequenced all the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes. It identified all genes within a sequence

50
Q

Why is genetic screening sometimes controversial?

A

-People become anxious
-False positives or false negatives
-Risk of social stigmatization
-Privacy issues

51
Q

What occurs when a person undergoes gene therapy?

A

The replacement of a defective or missing gene or the addition of a new gene into a persons genome to treat a disease

Biology (8 decks)

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