unit 5 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Mitosis
division of a somatic cell that results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells
Meiosis
body cells of adult organisms have 2 sets of homologous (matching) chromosomes-1 set from female parent and 1 set from male parent
Cell Cycle
used to replace damaged cells in multicellular organisms, single-celled organisms use it to reproduce, EX: humans
Interphase
where cell division begins and when the chromosomes duplicate
Prophase
DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle fibers begin forming
Metaphase
Spindle fibers connect to the centromere of chromosomes and line them up in the center of the cell
Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
Cytokinesis
animal cells begin to pinch into 2 new cells while plant cells grow a cell plate between 2 new nuclei
Telophase
New nuclear envelopes begin to develop around the DNA (chromatids)
cell plate
a plate that is grown between 2 nuclei
cleavage furrow
pinching of cytoplasm
spindle fiber
make sure that chromosomes are safely divided up to opposite poles of the cell
chromosome
DNA/ they contain genetic information
sister chromatid
caused by spindle fibers pulling them apart making…
centromere
considered to be the center of the cell
centriole
develops spindle fibers
asexual reproduction
involves 1 parent, use by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, results in identical copies (clones), no mixing of DNA
sexual reproduction
involves 2 parents to reproduce whilst both continue the genetic information
haploid (n)
(N means 1 set) half the number of chromosomes as somatic (body) cells
diploid (2n)
(2N means 2 sets) total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell
budding
a small outgrowth grows on the side of the parent, and eventually breaks off as a new, smaller but identical organism (EX: yeast & hydra)
vegetative propagation
new plants grow from clippings of the leaves, stems, or roots of existing plants…used in agriculture to skip the seedling stage bc it allows plants to mature faster
regeneration
low level animals can regrow limbs and tails once they have lost them
spores
reproductive structure that is released into the air by a sporangium, when it lands in a favorable environment, it grows & divides through the cell cycle (EX: moulds)
