Unit 5: Cell Division And Signaling

Question 1

3 stages of cell signaling

Answer 1

• Signal(ligand attaches to receptor to deliver the signal)
• transduction(signal is translated)
• Response(cellular response occurs)

Question 2

Kinetichore

Answer 2

Proteins within the centromere that the spindle fibers attach to

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Creates 4 genetically different sex cells

Question 4

Transduction

Answer 4

Converting signals to a form that can bring cellular action

Question 5

Interphase

Answer 5

• G1, S, G2

- 90% of a cells life

Question 6

Prophase

Answer 6

DNA becomes visible

Question 7

Prometaphase

Answer 7

Nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes start to line up in the middle

Question 8

Metaphase

Answer 8

Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes to the center of the cell

Question 9

Anaphase

Answer 9

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell

Question 10

Telophase/cytokinesis

Answer 10

The cytosol splits in two and the membrane is pinched

Question 11

End product of mitosis

Answer 11

Two identical daughter cells

Question 12

How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity

Answer 12

It creates genetically different cells

Question 13

What happens during phosphorylation cascade

Answer 13

You are adding a phosphate to activate an enzyme

Question 14

What happens in G1

Answer 14

Normal cell things

Question 15

What happens in S phase

Answer 15

DNA replicates

Question 16

What happens in G2

Answer 16

Cell grows and prepares to divide

Question 17

What does 2^n mean

Answer 17

How to determine the number of possibilities for genetic variation
Ex humans. 2^23

Question 18

What is crossing over

Answer 18

• Occurs in meiosis
• helps create genetic diversity
• where two chromosomes touch and swap DNA

Question 19

What is a protein kinase

Answer 19

A protein that adds a phosphate

Question 20

What is cancer

Answer 20

Cells that grow uncontrollably and take resources from surrounding cells

Question 21

Diploid cells

Answer 21

• 2n

- have two versions of each chromosome(pair from both parents)

Question 22

Mitosis checkpoints

Answer 22

• G1, G2, M

- make sure the cell does not divide unnecessarily or incorrectly

Question 23

G protein coupled receptor

Answer 23

A signal protein(ligand) bonds with the receptor causing a GDP to come to the receptor. When this happens the GDP is activated. The GDP then travels to activate and enzyme which will then allow cellular response to occur.

Question 24

Product of meiosis

Answer 24

4 genetically different haploid cells

Question 25

Law of independent assortment

Answer 25

Chromosomes can line up in different order to produce genetic diversity(chromosomes from mom and dad can line up on either the left or right side of the cell during metaphase 1)

Question 26

Metaphase 1

Answer 26

Chromosome pairs(one from mom one from dad) line up in the middle of the cell)

Question 27

Anaphase 1

Answer 27

Chromosome pairs are pulled apart

Question 28

Telophase 1/Cytokinesis 1

Answer 28

Cell is split into 2

Question 29

Metaphase 2

Answer 29

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

Question 30

Anaphase 2

Answer 30

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

Question 31

Telophase 2/Cytokinesis 2

Answer 31

Cell is split to create gametes

Question 32

What type of cell is produce after meiosis 1

Answer 32

Duplicated haploid cells

Question 33

Haploid cells

Answer 33

- n - you havE one version of each chromosome - half the amount of the diploid number of cells

Question 34

Sister chromatids

Answer 34

Two versions of the same duplicated chromosome

Question 35

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 35

Chromosome pairs (chromosomes from mom and dad that are alike)

Question 36

Steps of Tyrosine kinase

Answer 36

Two receptors that when the ligand attaches come together(dimer). The tyrosines on the bottom of the receptor are activated through gaining a phosphate. This process can activate more than one enzyme

Question 37

What must the signaling molecule fit into to deliver the message

Answer 37

The receptor

Question 38

What is a ligand

Answer 38

A signaling molecule

Question 39

What are the second messengers for cell signaling

Answer 39

Non protein molecules/ions

Question 40

What is the benefit of the phosphorylation cascade

Answer 40

Enhance or amplify the reaction

Question 41

Ion gated ligand channel

Answer 41

Ligand bond to the receptor causing it to open or close allowing ions to move

Question 42

What are neurotransmitters

Answer 42

Ligands

Question 43

What causes a cell signal to stop

Answer 43

The ligand detaches

Question 44

Centrisome

Answer 44

Where spindle fibers come from

Question 45

G1 checkpoint

Answer 45

Should the cell divide and does it have the resources to

Question 46

G2 checkpoint

Answer 46

Did the DNA replicate properly

Question 47

What regulates the G2 checkpoint

Answer 47

Cyclin and CDK

Question 48

M checkpoint

Answer 48

- During metaphase | - makes sure all the spindle fibers are attached

Question 49

Crossing over

Answer 49

- Happens in prophase 1 | - chromosomes swap DNA

Question 50

How many chromosomes are in somatic cells

Answer 50

46

Question 51

Examples of asexual reproduction

Answer 51

Binary fission

Question 52

How many chromosomes in sex cells

Answer 52

23

Question 53

What are spindle fibers made of

Answer 53

Microtubules

Question 54

What do spindle fibers do

Answer 54

They maneuver chromosomes and pull them apart

Question 55

What makes tyrosine kinase unique

Answer 55

It has 2 receptors and can activated to 6 enzymes

Question 56

What do g protein receptors and tyrosine kinase have in common

Answer 56

They both use phosphates