Unit 5 chapter 12 Flashcards by Christie AA

What are the two major aspects of people that are studied by personality theorists?
a. commonalties and individual differences
b. situational shifts and interpersonal similarities
c. constancy and change
d. consistency and distinctiveness

d. consistency and distinctiveness

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Joan is an unfailingly polite person who always considers the feelings of others. Which of the
following qualities of personality is this tendency to act in a similar manner across situations
indicative of?
a. distinctiveness
b. consistency
c. social desirability
d. reflexivity

b. consistency

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In an emergency, we would all react differently from one another because we all have
different personalities and experiences. What is this quality of personality called?
a. constancy
b. distinctiveness
c. differentiation
d. consistency

b. distinctiveness

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How is personality defined?
a. an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits
b. an individual’s way of perceiving the world, influenced by experience
c. an individual’s unique set of characteristics
d. an individual’s behavioural traits in a typical environment

a. an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits

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What is a personality trait?
a. a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
b. a consistent pattern of behaviour that is entirely inflexible across situations
c. a flexible tendency to alter behaviour in a variety of situations
d. a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a particular situation

a. a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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You are describing your friend Abby to someone else. You say that Abby is honest, funny,
loyal, and exuberant. What is saying that Abby is “exuberant” an identification of?
a. a personality trait
b. her basic personality
c. one of Cattell’s fundamental traits
d. an adjective, but not necessarily a disposition

a. a personality trait

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What is the term for the statistical procedure used by researchers to identify closely related
clusters of variables?
a. analysis of variance
b. factor analysis
c. deviation analysis
d. chi-square

b. factor analysis

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How many personality traits did Raymond Cattell suggest that humans have?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 16
d. 27

c. 16

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What is the term for people who are outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive,
according to the five-factor model of personality?
a. conscientious
b. open to experience
c. neurotic
d. extraverted

d. extraverted

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Marcos is very quiet and avoids large groups. Some people consider him unfriendly, and he
seldom takes a stand or acts assertively. How would Marcos probably score based on the fivefactor model of personality?
a. high in neuroticism
b. low in agreeableness
c. low in openness
d. low in extraversion

. low in extraversion

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Carlie is extremely relaxed and secure, and she seldom seems to be self-conscious when she is
around others. How would Carlie probably score based on the five-factor model of
personality?
a. high in agreeableness
b. high in extraversion
c. low in neuroticism
d. high in openness

c. low in neuroticism

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Nikolas is a nonconformist who is daring and likes to try new things. He is extremely
imaginative and has a wide range of interests. How would Nikolas probably score, based on
the five factor model of personality?
a. low in neuroticism
b. high in openness
c. high in extraversion
d. high in agreeableness

b. high in openness

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According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following would people score
high in who tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest?
a. neuroticism
b. agreeableness
c. extraversion
d. conscientiousness

b. agreeableness

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Janelle is suspicious and uncooperative. Her friends think she is a boastful person who is
seldom sympathetic. How would Janelle probably score, based on the five-factor model of
personality?
a. low in agreeableness
b. high in neuroticism
c. low in openness
d. low in extraversion

a. low in agreeableness

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According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following do people who tend
to be diligent, disciplined, well organized, and punctual also tend to score high in?
a. extraversion
b. agreeableness
c. neuroticism
d. conscientiousness

d. conscientiousness

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Which of the following traits is most likely to be associated with high levels of productivity in
a job setting?
a. conscientiousness
b. agreeableness
c. extraversion
d. neuroticism

a. conscientiousness

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Julio is extremely dependable and productive, and his friends think he is great at organizing
events. How would Julio probably score based on the five-factor model of personality?
a. high in agreeableness
b. low in neuroticism
c. high in openness
d. high in conscientiousness

d. high in conscientiousness

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Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the five-factor model of personality?
a. It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality.
b. More than five traits are necessary to account for the variation seen in human
personality.
c. It provides no insight into the causes or development of personality.
d. It is limited by the number of specific traits that are measured in the first place

a. It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality.

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From which individual’s work did the variety of modern psychodynamic theories of
personality all derive from?
a. Albert Bandura
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Karen Horney
d. Wilhelm Wundt

b. Sigmund Freud

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What is Sigmund Freud’s method for treating disorders called?
a. client-centred therapy
b. systematic desensitization
c. psychoanalysis
d. primal-scream therapy

c. psychoanalysis

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Which of the following is NOT stressed by psychoanalytic theory?
a. conscious thought patterns
b. internal conflicts
c. handling of sexual impulses
d. childhood experiences

a. conscious thought patterns

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Complete the following analogy: Id is to pleasure principle as ____________.
a. superego is to repetition principle
b. superego is to desire
c. ego is to reality principle
d. ego is to executive principle

c. ego is to reality principle

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Cari often has temper tantrums and pouts when she can’t have her own way. She often
behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can’t have the things that she
wants immediately. Which of the following dominates Cari’s personality, according to
Freud’s view of the personality?
a. her superego
b. her id
c. reaction formation
d. her ego

b. her id

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According to Freud, what is “like a man on horseback who has to hold in check the superior
strength of the horse”?
a. ego
b. id
c. alter ego
d. superego

a. ego

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What portion of the personality mediates between instinctual demands and the world of reality, according to Freud? a. ego ideal b. ego c. id d. superego

b. ego

What term would Freud have used for finding ways to meet instinctual needs while taking into account the conditions of the external, social world? a. id b. reality principle c. ego d. pleasure principle

b. reality principle

Sarah is torn between the need to study for an exam and her desire to go out with her friends. She decides that she will go out later only if she completes her studying. Which Freudian component of Sarah’s personality did this realistic decision reflect the functioning of? a. id b. unconscious c. ego d. superego

c. ego

Malachi is an executive for a major corporation. He constantly needs to find ways to meet the corporation’s goals and objectives while taking into consideration factors such as laws and financial resources. Which portion of Freud’s theory of personality is Malachi acting most like in making these decisions? a. superego b. ego c. id d. preconscious

b. ego

Tessa is trying to decide whether to go to the gym or stay home and eat ice cream. She has the nagging thought that people who shirk their responsibilities and indulge in temporary pleasures rather than working toward self-improvement are lazy and morally corrupt. Which Freudian personality structure does this “nagging thought” represent? a. superego b. ego c. preconscious d. id

a. superego

Kato sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Which structure would Freud say dominates Kato’s personality? a. his ego b. his superego c. his id d. penis envy

b. his superego

Which of the following statements would Sigmund Freud have been least likely to make? a. Most of our behaviour is rationally directed. b. Behaviour is the outcome of an interaction among several components of personality. c. A great deal of our behaviour and thoughts are symbolic of hidden motives. d. Most behaviour is rooted in the unconscious.

a. Most of our behaviour is rationally directed.

Molly is currently thinking about all the things she has to do before she goes to her first class. She is mentally making lists of all these things so she will remember to do them on her way to school. Where are these thoughts contained in Molly’s mind, according to Freud? a. conscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. unconscious

a. conscious

Gordon hadn’t thought about the band “Spider Wings” for several months. However, as soon as Donovon mentioned it, Gordon instantly thought about the great time he had at their last concert. According to Freud, where in Gordon’s mind was the memory of the concert contained before Donovon mentioned the “Spider Wings”? a. unconscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. conscious

c. preconscious

When Braden was nine, he saw one of his classmates fall under the wheels of a school bus as it pulled away from the curb. Today, at the age of 34, he has no memory of the accident. The evening news carried a flashback of the accident that happened 25 years ago, and Braden still didn’t remember being at the scene when the accident happened. Where is Braden’s memory of the accident contained, according to Freud? a. conscious b. subconscious c. unconscious d. preconscious

c. unconscious

Which of the following is a key concept in Freudian theory? a. personal growth b. reinforcement c. self-actualization d. conflict

d. conflict

Freud ascribed great importance to sexual and aggressive impulses. Why did he focus on those impulses? a. They tend to be routinely frustrated. b. They tend to be reinforced by others. c. They dominate our dreams. d. They are essential to the survival of the species

a. They tend to be routinely frustrated.

According to Freud, what do we experience if we feel that a forbidden impulse could get out of control and be expressed in our behaviour? a. depression b. impulse gratification c. secondary gain d. anxiety

d. anxiety

How do defence mechanisms combat feelings of anxiety and guilt? a. by enhancing self-insight b. through rational problem solving c. through self-deception d. by making unconscious urges conscious

c. through self-deception

Which defence mechanism involves giving yourself a plausible excuse that hides the real reasons for your behaviour? a. regression b. reaction formation c. projection d. rationalization

d. rationalization

Having performed poorly on an exam, Helen attempts to protect her feelings of self-worth by telling herself that it does not matter because the course really is not that important to her. What defence mechanism is Helen using? a. using identification b. rationalizing c. fantasizing d. displacing

b. rationalizing

Graham lost a lot of money on some bad investments in the stock market. Consequently he had to trade his expensive luxury car for a smaller, more economical car. He has been telling all his coworkers that he made the switch to do his part to stop pollution. Which defence mechanism is Graham using, according to Freud? a. projection b. rationalization c. reaction formation d. identification

b. rationalization

Which defence mechanism involves pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there? a. neurogenic amnesia b. repression c. avoidance d. suppression

b. repression

Todd was physically abused up until the age of eight. He is now 40 years old and he has absolutely no memories of the early abuse that he experienced. What defence mechanism is Todd using, according to Freud? a. regression b. repression c. projection d. reaction formation

b. repression

What is the defence mechanism in which you attribute your own thoughts or motives to others? a. reaction formation b. projection c. regression d. rationalization

b. projection

Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Freud might suggest that Hal is himself a latent homosexual, fearful of admitting this even to himself. What defence mechanism is Hal using, in that case? a. reaction formation b. displacement c. projection d. regression

c. projection

Meagan is strongly attracted to one of the men whom she works with, but he is married. To deal with the anxiety that her feelings have generated, she has unconsciously convinced herself that her coworker is attracted to her. What defence mechanism is Meagan using, according to Freud? a. reaction formation b. projection c. repression d. identification

b. projection

Jose is one of the top baseball players in his league, but last week he struck out on an easy pitch. Afterward, he smashed the water cooler in the dugout with his bat. What defence mechanism is Jose using, according to Freud? a. displacement b. rationalization c. projection d. reaction formation

a. displacement

A man who has numerous reasons to hate his mother instead lavishes her with unrealistic amounts of attention and love. Which defence mechanism is he using? a. identification b. displacement c. regression d. reaction formation

d. reaction formation

Rico worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Which defence mechanism is he using? a. regression b. reaction formation c. rationalization d. projection

b. reaction formation

Callie just gave birth to her sixth daughter. Unconsciously, she resents the baby’s birth and wishes the infant would have died during delivery. However, when she cares for her infant she showers her with exaggerated care and affection. Which defence mechanism is Callie using, according to Freud? a. reaction formation b. rationalization c. displacement d. projection

a. reaction formation

Which of the following defence mechanisms defines going back to an earlier way of gratifying needs as an adult? a. fixation b. reaction formation c. regression d. repression

c. regression

Scott has just been reprimanded by his supervisor. Later on, Scott begins to “stomp around” and throws a tantrum in front of his co-workers. Which defence mechanism is Scott using? a. rationalization b. regression c. projection d. a fixation

b. regression

Skye is five years old, and two weeks ago her mother had a baby boy. Since her brother was brought home, Skye has insisted on drinking all her juice from baby bottles, and she has started wetting her bed. What defence mechanism does this reflect, according to Freud? a. repression b. reaction formation c. regression d. projection

c. regression

Whenever Uma is denied anything by her husband, she pouts and gives him the silent treatment. Which defence mechanism reflects this immature way of dealing with reality? a. regression b. displacement c. reaction formation d. projection

a. regression

Which defence mechanism involves bolstering one’s self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group? a. identification b. displacement c. regression d. compensation

a. identification

Bruce attempts to make himself feel important by driving a European sports car, belonging to an exclusive tennis club, and eating at the best restaurants. Which defence mechanism might Bruce be using? a. displacement b. identification c. projection d. rationalization

b. identification

What did Freud mean when he used the term “sexual” in his psychosexual stages of development? a. genital sexual impulses b. romantic love c. general sexual feelings d. any pleasure-giving urge

d. any pleasure-giving urge

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically. What did Freud call this phenomenon? a. reciprocal determinism b. fixation c. displacement d. compensation

b. fixation

Why does a person become fixated at a particular psychosexual stage, according to Freud? a. a genetic predisposition for fixation b. permissiveness on the part of the person’s parents c. abnormalities in brain chemistry that develop prenatally d. either excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs

d. either excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needs

Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages in psychosexual development? a. anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency b. anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic c. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Fixation at what psychosexual stage would explain a compulsive smoker’s behaviour? a. anal stage b. latency stage c. genital stage d. oral stage

d. oral stage

Vanessa bites her nails so badly that they bleed, but she can’t seem to stop herself from doing this. At what stage is Vanessa fixated, according to Freud? a. anal b. phallic c. oral d. latency

c. oral

Lucas is a 25-year-old male who is extremely anxious about any type of sexual activity. How might this anxiety have developed, according to Freud’s view of personality development? a. an unresolved crisis during the latency stage of psychosexual development b. excessive punishment during his toilet training as a toddler c. improper weaning from the bottle when he was an infant d. fixation at the genital stage of psychosexual development

b. excessive punishment during his toilet training as a toddler

Which stage of Freud’s psychosexual development is in place for a four- to five-year-old child? a. genital b. phallic c. latency d. oral

b. phallic

Which Freudian concept suggests that a male child desires his mother and fears his father? a. latency complex b. Oedipal complex c. Electra complex d. genital complex

b. Oedipal complex

Which complex is associated with a girl’s fearing her mother and desiring her father? a. genital complex b. Oedipal complex c. phallic complex d. Meiner’s complex

b. Oedipal complex

During which stage did Freud say that we identify with the proper gender? a. genital b. anal c. phallic d. oral

c. phallic

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister: “I can’t wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy.” Which Freudian stage is Samuel most likely in? a. oral b. anal c. latency d. phallic

d. phallic

What do children go through during Freud’s latency stage? a. They attempt to cope with the desires they have for their same-sex parent. b. They turn their biological urges loose. c. They begin to focus their sexual energy on their opposite-sex peers. d. They begin to expand their social contacts beyond the immediate family

d. They begin to expand their social contacts beyond the immediate family

Ashley is nine years old, and it seems that every day she brings home a different friend from school. As she expands her social contacts beyond her immediate family, which of Freud’s stages is Ashley showing typical behaviour from? a. genital b. phallic c. preconscious d. latency

d. latency

What is the Freudian period that begins with puberty? a. phallic stage b. genital stage c. latency stage d. anal stage

b. genital stage

Abdul is 14 years old and has just begun puberty. Which stage is Abdul entering according to Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? a. phallic b. superego c. latency d. genital

d. genital

Which theorist advanced the concept that the unconscious has two layers, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious? a. Alfred Adler b. Carl Jung c. Erik Erikson d. Sigmund Freud

b. Carl Jung

Freud’s concept of the unconscious is most like which of Jung’s concepts? a. archetypes b. collective unconscious c. preconscious d. personal unconscious

d. personal unconscious

What is the name Carl Jung used to identify the level of the unconscious that stores latent memory traces inherited from our ancestral past? a. primeval unconscious b. preconscious c. personal unconscious d. collective unconscious

d. collective unconscious

What is the term for emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning, in Jung’s theory? a. mandalas b. central memories c. archetypes d. prototypes

c. archetypes

Which of Jung’s personality types exemplifies a person who is occupied with his own thoughts and feelings, aloof, and contemplative? a. introspective b. reflective c. introverted d. extraverted

c. introverted

Roberto tends to focus on people and things around him and is outgoing, talkative, and friendly. What personality type would Jung use to describe Roberto? a. iconoclast b. animus-type personality c. archetypal personality d. extravert

d. extravert

When anthropologists compare ancient artefacts from South America, Europe, and Australia they often find similarities among the images that are depicted. What would Jung suggest leads to these apparent similarities? a. the preconscious b. the collective unconscious c. manifest consciousness d. reciprocal determinism

b. the collective unconscious

Freud’s emphasis on which of the following were both Carl Jung and Alfred Adler especially critical of? a. defence mechanisms b. sexuality c. the unconscious d. the influence of childhood experiences

b. sexuality

Complete the following analogy: Adler is to individual psychology as Jung is to _____. a. depth psychology b. Gestalt psychology c. analytical psychology d. existential psychology

c. analytical psychology

Patricia is boisterous and fun, the life of the party. She usually enjoys being in a crowd, and she finds it easy to talk to people and make new friends. Patricia sees herself as a ‘people person’ and that’s exactly how her friends and family would describe her. Her career involves a lot of pressure and deadlines, but she tends to handle stress quite well and seeks out new challenges. There is one coworker who aggravates Patricia a great deal, but instead of getting angry or lashing out at him, she is overly polite and sickeningly sweet to him. As a result of her disposition and her ability to deal well with large projects, and teams of people, Patricia recently earned a very big promotion. People who knew her when she was very young might be surprised at how far she’s come in life, considering that she had a very rough upbringing in a very poor family. 82. Which of the following Big Five trait scores would you expect from Patricia? a. high neuroticism b. low concientiousness c. low psychoticism d. high extraversion

d. high extraversion

Patricia sees herself in a way that is similar to how others see her. What would Rogers call this similarity? a. self-efficacy b. consistency c. congruence d. self-actualization

c. congruence

Which of the following explains Patricia’s ability to handle stress well? a. Rogers’s unconditional positive regard b. terror management theory c. Eysenck’s proposal that extraverts have low arousal levels d. Maslow’s concept of self-actualization

c. Eysenck’s proposal that extraverts have low arousal levels

When Patricia is overly nice to her coworker, what would Freud suggest is her defence mechanism? a. repression b. projection c. reaction formation d. rationalization

c. reaction formation

What would Adler suggest about Patricia’s progress from her rough upbringing to her relative success in adulthood? a. It reflects her personal unconscious. b. It reflects her reinforcement history. c. It is the result of compensation. d. It is a consequence of a superiority complex

c. It is the result of compensation.

What is the central aspect of Adler’s theory of personality? a. People must resolve conflicts between the needs of society and the needs of the self. b. People strive to adapt and master life’s challenges. c. People have a drive to resolve the discrepancy between their real selves and their ideal selves. d. People are motivated to maintain the various components of mental experience in a state of balance and harmony

b. People strive to adapt and master life’s challenges.

What would Adler call it when a sickly child goes on to become a forceful, physically active adult? a. displacement b. regression c. fixation d. compensation

d. compensation

Natalie is eight years old. Her parents have always spoiled her and given her anything that she has asked for. What will this parental pampering cause in Natalie, based on Adler’s theory of individual psychology? a. a tendency to be dominated by her superego as an adult b. feelings of competence and self-sufficiency c. a weak superego d. exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy

d. exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy

What leads a person to overcompensate, according to Alfred Adler? a. fixation at one of the psychosexual stages b. a superiority complex c. failure in the use of defence mechanisms d. an inferiority complex

d. an inferiority complex

Raul is 30 years old, and he seems to be obsessed with the image he presents to others. He buys a new sports car every year, he lives in the biggest house in his neighbourhood, and he always buys the most expensive clothes he can find. What explains Raul’s behaviour, according to Alfred Adler? a. incongruence b. fixation at the oral stage of development c. reaction formation d. overcompensation

d. overcompensation

To which of the following theorists can research on the influence of birth order on personality be traced? a. Carl Jung b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Alfred Adler

d. Alfred Adler

Several psychodynamic assumptions have gained considerable acceptance. Which of the following is NOT one of the accepted assumptions? a. Unconscious forces can influence behaviour. b. Sexual and aggressive impulses are the driving force of behaviour. c. Early childhood experiences can influence adult personality. d. Internal conflict can play a key role in generating psychological distress

b. Sexual and aggressive impulses are the driving force of behaviour.

Dr. Hewlett believes that early childhood experiences have a strong influence on adult personality, and that our personality is largely shaped by unconscious forces. Which of the following perspectives do Dr. Hewlett’s views most closely mirror? a. humanistic b. psychodynamic c. biological d. behavioural

b. psychodynamic

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of psychodynamic theories of personality? a. lack of testability b. inadequate supportive evidence c. focus on childhood experiences d. sex bias against women

c. focus on childhood experiences

Which theoretical orientation argues that psychology should study only observable behaviour? a. humanism b. rational-emotive c. behaviourism d. invasive

c. behaviourism

What would Skinner focus on in explaining an individual’s aggressiveness? a. instinctive reactions to environmental cues b. history of reinforcement and punishment c. an inadequate sense of self-worth d. feelings of repressed hostility

b. history of reinforcement and punishment

Deirdre used to be shy and unwilling to speak out in class. Last semester she was in a class that involved a lot of discussion groups, and she found that her classmates were willing to listen attentively to her ideas, and often asked her for input when the discussion bogged down. Now Deirdre is more outspoken and confident during class discussions. Which of the following led to Deirdre’s change in behaviour? a. negative reinforcement b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. punishment

c. positive reinforcement

Juan used to be a fairly generous individual, but it seemed that whenever he loaned things to people, they were never returned, or they were returned broken. Consequently, Juan is no longer generous. Which of the following explains Juan’s lack of generosity? a. positive reinforcement b. punishment c. extinction d. negative reinforcement

b. punishment

Cole is deceitful and has a tendency to lie. What would a psychologist who held a strong behavioural view toward personality development look for to explain Cole’s personality? a. previous learning experiences and his history of reinforcement b. self-concept and his interactions with others c. role models d. unconsciously repressed feelings of anger and hostility

a. previous learning experiences and his history of reinforcement

What term does Albert Bandura use to refer to the assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behaviour all influence each other? a. mutual dependency b. reciprocal determinism c. psychic determinism d. reciprocal relativism

b. reciprocal determinism

Which of the following best summarizes Albert Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism? a. “Striving for success is the key human drive.” b. “Environments shape humans and humans shape environments.” c. “Free will is an illusion.” d. “We are born with the template for our future behaviour.”

b. “Environments shape humans and humans shape environments.”

Which of the following is emphasized in social cognitive theory, but not in Skinner’s approach? a. secondary reinforcers b. cognitive processes c. genetic factors d. respondent conditioning

b. cognitive processes

Sol believes it is impossible to do well in calculus class, so he doesn’t study much for that class. His lack of preparation has resulted in poor grades. His low grades have strengthened his belief that he can’t succeed in that class. Which of Bandura’s concepts does this example illustrate? a. reciprocal determinism b. unconditioned reinforcement c. reaction formation d. overcompensation

a. reciprocal determinism

Rosalind is an impulsive child who seldom waits for her turn when playing with other children. Rosalind’s father is also an impulsive individual who often seems to act before he thinks. Which theorist would most likely suggest that Rosalind has learned to be impulsive from watching her father? a. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner c. Albert Bandura d. Carl Rogers

c. Albert Bandura

Mr. Gorst is a very patient individual who always has time for any questions his children might ask. Which of the following concepts would best explain the children’s personality development if they grow up to be patient individuals? a. extinction b. observational learning c. positive reinforcement d. rationalization

b. observational learning

In so-called copycat crimes, someone replicates the behaviour of a famous crime. For which of the following theories do these crimes provide anecdotal evidence? a. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory b. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory c. Bandura’s social cognitive theory d. Adler’s individual psychology

c. Bandura’s social cognitive theory

A child has just been caught stealing from one of his classmates at school. In terms of which of the following would a social cognitive theorist most likely explain the behaviour of this child? a. a genetic predisposition resulting in a high need for attention b. personality defects of the child c. unresolved conflicts between the child and the parents d. learning through observation and reinforcement

d. learning through observation and reinforcement

What is the term for the belief that one has the ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes? a. self-monitoring b. self-control c. self-efficacy d. self-justification

c. self-efficacy

Amy has always done well in her math courses and, even though she has never taken a statistics class before, she is confident she will do well in the statistics course she has signed up for next semester. What does Amy show evidence of in this example? a. high self-efficacy in math b. a mathematical neurosis c. low self-efficacy in math d. high incongruence with respect to math

a. high self-efficacy in math

Alex’s parents enforce strict rules and guidelines in an authoritarian manner. They also tend to be quite overprotective, and try to prevent Alex from having to deal with any unpleasant circumstances that might arise. What is Alex likely to develop according to Bandura? a. an unresolved Oedipal conflict b. low self-efficacy c. high self-efficacy d. incongruence

b. low self-efficacy

In explaining behaviour, what is social learning theorist Walter Mischel most interested in? a. unconscious forces b. personality traits c. instincts d. the situation

d. the situation

Which of the following is one of the major points that Walter Mischel makes about personality? a. The idea of traits is fundamental to understanding personality. b. Many personal traits are genetically determined. c. People are much less consistent across situations than most theorists have assumed. d. People behave more consistently across situations than we have thought.

c. People are much less consistent across situations than most theorists have assumed.

Dr. Epee believes that it is impossible to understand or predict an individual’s behaviour until you determine the salient psychological features of situations that evoke specific types of responses. Which of the following theorists does Dr. Epee’s views most closely mirror? a. Alfred Adler b. Gordon Allport c. Carl Rogers d. Walter Mischel

d. Walter Mischel

Wanda is very quiet around people in authority, but she can be loud and boisterous among her peers. Which of the following theorists would explain the difference in Wanda’s behaviour in terms of situational factors? a. Carl Rogers b. Alfred Adler c. Walter Mischel d. Sigmund Freud

c. Walter Mischel

Which of the following describes Walter Mischel’s belief about the cause of behaviour? a. Behaviour is situationally specific. b. Behaviour is independent of conscious thought. c. Behaviour is instigated by mood. d. Behaviour is determined by innate factors.

a. Behaviour is situationally specific.

Aaron is an extravert who tends to have a high degree of self-efficacy. This week, however, he is not his usual self because his girlfriend ended their relationship. What would someone who takes an interactionist approach to personality suggest about Aaron’s current state? a. It reflects the influence of the current situation, and his current state deviates from his typical state. b. It reflects his latent insecurity, which has previously been masked by his extraversion. c. It is evidence that he requires personal interaction in order to rebuild his selfimage. d. It is evidence of depression, because it is a distinct change from his stable pattern of behaviour

a. It reflects the influence of the current situation, and his current state deviates from his typical state.

Daria is typically very perky and upbeat, but today she just got some very bad news about an old friend. She is behaving differently than usual, very distracted and frowning. Everyone around her at work knows that she’s having a rough time, and that she can’t be expected to be her usual bouncy self. Surely she’ll be back to normal once she has a chance to deal with this difficult situation. Which approach is similar to the attitude of Daria’s coworkers? a. psychodynamic b. situational specificity c. interactionist d. behaviourist

c. interactionist

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the behavioural approach to personality? a. failing to provide unifying structural concepts b. overdependence on animal research c. providing a fragmented view of personality d. using extensive empirical research

d. using extensive empirical research

Which of the following theoretical approaches to personality is the least deterministic? a. behavioural b. psychoanalytic c. social-cognitive d. humanistic

d. humanistic

. For which of the following have both the psychoanalytic and behavioural theories of personality been criticized? a. failure to recognize the unique qualities of human behaviour b. preoccupation with animal research c. belief that behaviour is dominated by primitive, animalistic drives d. a fragmented view of personality

a. failure to recognize the unique qualities of human behaviour

Which approach to personality stresses the individual’s freedom, uniqueness, and growth potential? a. humanism b. social cognitive theory c. Gestalt theory d. behaviourism

a. humanism

Which theoretical approach is considered to be the most optimistic view of human nature? a. behavioural b. psychoanalytic c. cognitive d. humanistic

d. humanistic

Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a humanist? a. People can rise above their animal heritage. b. Each person is unique. c. We are driven by unconscious conflicts. d. People are rational

c. We are driven by unconscious conflicts.

Dr. Linzle believes that it is necessary to understand each individual’s personal, subjective experiences if you are to truly understand that individual’s personality and behaviour. Which of the following perspectives best reflects Dr. Linzle’s views? a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. biological d. behavioural

b. humanistic

What is the term for the collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour, according to Rogers? a. level of self-actualization b. phenomenology c. state of incongruence d. self-concept

d. self-concept

What is your self-concept said to be if it is reasonably accurate, according to Carl Rogers? a. extraverted b. self-actualized c. valid d. congruent with reality

c. valid

Antony describes himself as an open and relaxed individual, but people who know him well would describe Antony as secretive and tense. Which of the following would be true of Antony, according to Carl Rogers? a. He is low in self-efficacy. b. He experiences congruence. c. He experiences incongruence. d. He is low in self-monitoring

c. He experiences incongruence

Camilla thinks of herself as a shy person who is often anxious in social settings; however, her friends would describe her as outgoing and relaxed. Which of the following is true of Camilla, according to Carl Rogers? a. She experiences congruence. b. She is low in self-monitoring. c. She is high in self-efficacy. d. She experiences incongruence.

d. She experiences incongruence.

Rashad thinks of himself as an outgoing, sociable person. All his friends would agree; most of them think he is one of the most friendly, upbeat people they have ever met. Which of the following is true of Rashad, according to Carl Rogers? a. He is high in self-monitoring. b. He is high in self-efficacy. c. He experiences congruence. d. He experiences incongruence

c. He experiences congruence.

What must parents do in order for a child to develop a healthy personality, according to Rogers? a. exhibit unconditional love toward the child b. create an atmosphere of intellectual stimulation c. avoid the use of punishment d. address the child’s ego needs

a. exhibit unconditional love toward the child

Ten-year-old Benjamin is often nervous about bringing report cards home to his parents. Although his parents say they love him, he feels that they really love him only when he obtains excellent grades in school. How does Benjamin perceive his parents’ affection, based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers? a. unconditional b. congruent c. incongruent d. conditional

d. conditional

Fourteen-year-old Jessica knows she has made some bad choices at times, and these choices have gotten her into serious trouble on a number of occasions. However, she is confident that her parents love her, in spite of her mistakes. How does Jessica perceive her parents’ affection, according to the theory developed by Carl Rogers? a. incongruent b. conditional c. unconditional d. congruent

c. unconditional

What are parents promoting when they make their affection unconditional and show acceptance of their children’s behaviour, according to Carl Rogers? a. congruence between their children’s self-concept and their actual experiences b. observational learning and identification c. incongruence between their children’s self-concept and their actual experiences d. resolution of the Oedipal conflict

a. congruence between their children’s self-concept and their actual experiences

What causes troublesome anxiety, according to Carl Rogers? a. unresolved sexual conflicts b. the use of defence mechanisms c. threats to our self-concept d. unconditional love

c. threats to our self-concept

In the Featured Study, how did Baldwin and his colleagues attempt to alter the self-concept of participants? a. by presenting subliminal stimuli that made the participants angry b. by forcing them to fail, leading them to believe that their self-worth had been reduced c. by presenting subliminal stimuli that represented the attitude of a significant other d. by showing them images of people in their lives who think poorly of them

c. by presenting subliminal stimuli that represented the attitude of a significant other

Based on the results of the Featured Study, what would you expect to happen to your selfconcept if you were exposed to subliminal images of the smiling face of a professor whose opinion meant a great deal to you? a. Your self-concept would be reduced. b. Your self-concept would be enhanced. c. Your self-concept can be altered only by negative opinions, not positive ones. d. Your self-concept would be altered only if the professor were of the same sex as yourself

b. Your self-concept would be enhanced.

Upon which of the following are our views about ourselves somewhat dependent, based on results of the Featured Study on alterations to self-concept by cognitive activation of a “significant other”? a. having a strong sense of self that is not vulnerable to criticism b. having strong relationships c. our perception of others’ views about us d. conscious perception rather than subliminal perception

c. our perception of others’ views about us

What need was Abraham Maslow expressing when he said that “what a man can be, he must be”? a. need to achieve b. need for unconditional love c. need to self-actualize d. need for superiority

c. need to self-actualize

What did Abraham Maslow call the need to fulfill one’s potential? a. need for affiliation b. need for achievement c. need for self-actualization d. need for power

c. need for self-actualization

Jordon has taken a job that is extremely dangerous, but which pays him enough so that he is sure he will have enough to eat and he will be able to sleep in a warm place each night. What is Jordan’s primary motivation according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. cognitive needs b. need for self-actualization c. safety and security needs d. physiological needs

d. physiological needs

Which of the following kinds of needs are your needs to live in a crime-free neighbourhood, save money, buy insurance, and have a stable job? a. safety and security b. love and belongingness c. physiological d. esteem

a. safety and security

magine a neighbourhood in which a hurricane has caused extensive flooding. Many of the residents have had their homes damaged or destroyed. At the time, however, the material loss is unimportant as the residents think only of escaping the flood. Which needs would Maslow say are most threatened, in this example? a. physiological b. esteem c. safety and security d. self-actualization

c. safety and security

Katarina was trapped in her basement when her neighbourhood was rocked by an earthquake. She has enough food and water stored in the basement to last her for several weeks, but each time she feels an aftershock she is terrified that the remaining beams may fall and crush her. Which needs will motivate Katarina’s behaviour at this point, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. homeostatic drives b. safety and security needs c. physiological needs d. aesthetic needs

b. safety and security needs

Esteban has a job that pays well, and he recently moved to a neighbourhood where there is little crime. Lately, he finds that he is thinking seriously about finding the right person to settle down with, and raising a family. What need motivates Esteban at this point in his life, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. aesthetic needs b. belongingness and love needs c. esteem needs d. need for self-actualization

a. aesthetic needs

Which of Maslow’s needs would reflect your needs to learn all you can about philosophy and understand the inner workings of our political system? a. cognitive b. aesthetic c. esteem d. self-actualization

a. cognitive

Shayna has a job that pays well, and she has three children who are now all in adolescence. For the past few months she finds herself increasingly restless, and she is thinking about enrolling in university and taking some classes in art, which has always interested her. What needs are motivating Shayna, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. esteem needs b. belongingness and love needs c. cognitive needs d. homeostatic drives

c. cognitive needs

Fred was the highest paid news anchor in prime time television. He had been with the same national network for 20 years. His coworkers couldn’t believe it when Fred cleared out his office one day and announced he was going to become a volunteer with an international relief agency. He explained, “I feel I need to make a fundamental change in my life if I am going to continue to grow as a person.” Which of the following are Fred’s actions consistent with? a. Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism b. Maslow’s concept of self-actualizing individuals c. Adler’s concept of overcompensation d. Rogers’ concept of incongruence

b. Maslow’s concept of self-actualizing individuals

Samantha has a career that she enjoys, loving relationships with her partner and her children, and she is very active in a charitable organization that means a lot to her. She often pauses to enjoy the little things in her life, and finds humour in many of her experiences. Which of the following humanist terms best describes Samantha? a. self-actualizing b. unconditional c. incongruent d. overcompensating

a. self-actualizing

Which of the following is NOT an expected characteristic of a self-actualizing person? a. enjoying peak experiences b. having a strong need to affiliate with many people c. being open and spontaneous d. being realistic

b. having a strong need to affiliate with many people

What would the self-actualizing person be least likely to do, according to Maslow’s theory? a. be spontaneous and neutral in exchanges b. have somewhat mystical experiences c. be uncomfortable when alone or detached d. have a limited number of strong friendships

c. be uncomfortable when alone or detached

Which of the following is NOT one of the major contributions associated with the humanistic theory of personality? a. the importance of a person’s subjective views b. focusing attention on what constitutes a healthy personality c. acknowledging the role that internal conflict plays in generating psychological distress d. making the self-concept an important construct in psychology

c. acknowledging the role that internal conflict plays in generating psychological distress

Which of the following criticisms can be leveled against both the psychoanalytic approach and the humanistic approach to personality? a. They provide a fragmented view of personality. b. They overemphasize the influence of early childhood experiences. c. They are too deterministic. d. They are difficult to test

d. They are difficult to test

. Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of the humanistic approach to personality? a. It de-emphasizes the subjective nature of self-concept. b. It is too optimistic about human nature. c. It presents a fragmented view of personality. d. It is too deterministic

b. It is too optimistic about human nature

Which of Eysenck’s higher-order traits is associated with being sociable, assertive, active, and lively? a. sensation-seeking b. extraversion c. intraception d. self-monitoring

b. extraversion

Cody just completed a personality scale designed to measure the three higher-order traits identified by Hans Eysenck. He scored low in the personality trait of extraversion. What does this suggest about Cody? a. He is quiet and nonassertive. b. He is assertive and moody. c. He is insensitive and cruel. d. He is anxious and moody.

a. He is quiet and nonassertive

Marta just completed a personality scale designed to measure the three higher-order traits identified by Hans Eysenck. She scored low in the personality trait of neuroticism. What does this suggest about Marta? a. She is relaxed and high in self-esteem. b. She is warm and sociable. c. She is sensitive and caring. d. She is anxious and moody

a. She is relaxed and high in self-esteem.

Which trait involves being egocentric, impulsive, cold, and antisocial, according to Han Eysenck? a. neuroticism b. psychoticism c. introversion d. extraversion

b. psychoticism

Isaiah just completed a personality scale designed to measure the three higher-order traits identified by Hans Eysenck. He scored low in the personality trait of psychoticism. What does this suggest about Isaiah? a. He is sensitive and caring. b. He is warm and sociable. c. He is quiet and non-assertive. d. He is anxious and moody

a. He is sensitive and caring.

Which of the following personality theorists contends that personality is determined to a large extent by a person’s genes? a. B.F. Skinner b. Sigmund Freud c. Hans Eysenck d. Abraham Maslow

c. Hans Eysenck

Dr. Price believes that personality is largely determined by an individual’s genetic makeup. Which of the following theorists is Dr. Price’s view of personality most similar to? a. B. F. Skinner b. Walter Mischel c. Carl Jung d. Hans Eysenck

d. Hans Eysenck

What is likely to happen to people who condition easily, according to Hans Eysenck? a. They become neurotic. b. They become introverted. c. They become psychotic. d. They become extraverted

b. They become introverted.

Which of the following types of studies reveals that the Big Five personality traits have a genetic component? a. cross-sectional studies b. twin studies c. longitudinal studies d. behaviour modification studies

b. twin studies

Assume that personality researchers have isolated a new trait they called “prajna.” What would it indicate if these researchers report that fraternal twins reared together are more similar in this trait than identical twins reared apart? a. Neither genetics nor environment influences the expression of prajna. b. Genetics has a larger influence than environment in the expression of prajna. c. Environment has a larger influence than genetics in the expression of prajna. d. Genetics and environment exert equivalent influences in the expression of prajna

c. Environment has a larger influence than genetics in the expression of prajna.

Assume that personality researchers have isolated a new trait they called “nescience.” What would it indicate if these researchers report that identical twins reared together and identical twins reared apart show the same correspondence for this particular trait,? a. Genetics has a larger influence than environment in the expression of nescience. b. Genetics and environment exert equivalent influences in the expression of nescience. c. Environment has a larger influence than genetics in the expression of nescience. d. Neither genetics nor environment influences the expression of nescience.

a. Genetics has a larger influence than environment in the expression of nescience

What are the heritability estimates for personality traits? a. between 25 and 30 percent b. between 40 and 60 percent c. just under 15 percent d. just over 75 percent

b. between 40 and 60 percent

Which of the following appears to have a surprisingly small impact on personality, based on research on the heritability of personality? a. unique experiences b. heredity c. shared family environment d. unconscious motivation

c. shared family environment

Which of the following personality traits is associated with having large ‘reward areas’ in the brain? a. neuroticism b. agreeableness c. extraversion d. conscientiousness

c. extraversion

According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to bond with others. Which of the following Big Five personality traits is this closely associated with? a. neuroticism b. agreeableness c. extraversion d. conscientiousness

c. extraversion

According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved to pay attention to variations in the tendency to be reliable and ethical. Which of the following Big Five personality traits is this closely associated with? a. agreeableness b. extraversion c. neuroticism d. conscientiousness

d. conscientiousness

According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved to evaluate whether someone has the capacity to be an innovative problem solver. Which of the following Big Five personality traits is closely associated with the capacity for innovative problem solving? a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. conscientiousness d. neuroticism

b. openness to experience

Which of the following is most accurate? a. The evidence suggests that environmental factors do not influence personality. b. The evidence suggests that genetic factors do not influence personality. c. It is only a matter of time before the complicated intertwining of nature and nurture will be understood. d. Efforts to divide behaviour into genetic and environmental components are ultimately artificial

d. Efforts to divide behaviour into genetic and environmental components are ultimately artificial

Which of the following is NOT one of the main weaknesses in biological approaches to personality? a. an overly optimistic view of human nature b. conceptual problems with heritability estimates c. the difficulty of separating the effects of nature and nurture d. the lack of a comprehensive theory

a. an overly optimistic view of human nature

Which of the following is true of evolutionary theories of personality in comparison to Eysenck’s theory of personality? a. They have greater empirical support. b. They are more popular among behaviourists. c. They are less applicable to behaviour across cultures. d. They are more limited in scope.

d. They are more limited in scope

Which of the following is a problem associated with focusing on establishing heritability coefficients? a. Heritability coefficients vary from study to study depending on sampling procedures and other methodological considerations. b. Focusing on them gives the false impression that behaviour is heritable. c. Focusing on them may cause behavioural genetics researchers to focus too much on environmental contributions to personality. d. There is no political implication for results that include heritability coefficients.

a. Heritability coefficients vary from study to study depending on sampling procedures and other methodological considerations.

Sandra has often been called a ‘spoiled brat’ even though she’s an adult. She has a strong need for attention, and she is very self-centred. Which of the following personality traits describes Sandra best? a. narcissism b. psychoticism c. neuroticism d. introversion

a. narcissism

Which of the following types of people is most likely to post very provocative items on Facebook in order to get attention and approval? a. narcissist b. psychopath c. introvert d. extravert

a. narcissist

Greta is an outgoing and charming woman. There are a few things that really make her defensive and angry, however. She is very patriotic, and she won’t tolerate anyone criticizing her country or her culture. Which of the following personality theories would help explain Greta’s patriotism? a. humanistic theory b. conditioning theory c. terror management theory d. psychodynamic theory

c. terror management theory

What is the role of self-esteem, according to terror management theory? a. It is a signal that we have a congruent sense of self within the environment. b. It gives us the feeling that we are contributing to the greater good. c. It demonstrates that we are on the path toward self-actualization. d. It protects us from dangerous unconscious conflicts

b. It gives us the feeling that we are contributing to the greater good.

Which of the following is predicted by terror management theory? a. People may avoid going to see a doctor in order to avoid thinking about illness. b. People will have reduced self-esteem when they avoid thinking about illness. c. People will be most likely to question their worldviews when mortality is salient. d. People will become more open-minded when they are confronted with their mortality

a. People may avoid going to see a doctor in order to avoid thinking about illness.

Which of the following theories predicts that people living in dangerous situations would exhibit more discrimination against other groups? a. humanist theory b. psychodynamic theory c. terror management theory d. conflict theory

c. terror management theory

What aspect of personality is fairly consistent across cultures, according to research findings? a. trait structure b. conceptions of the self c. self-monitoring d. use of defence mechanisms

a. trait structure

According to research comparing American and Asian children, what are American parents least likely to teach their children to do? a. be modest about their personal accomplishments b. feel good about themselves c. be self-reliant d. view themselves as special individuals

a. be modest about their personal accomplishments

According to research comparing American and Asian children, what are parents in Asian cultures most likely to teach their children to do? a. view themselves as special individuals b. rely on family and friends c. be self-reliant d. feel good about themselves

b. rely on family and friends

According to research comparing American and Asian children, how do Asian children tend to define themselves? a. in terms of their relationships with their teachers b. in terms of the accomplishments of their parents c. in terms of their personal accomplishments d. in terms of the groups they belong to

d. in terms of the groups they belong to

Which of the following traits is most likely to differ across cultures? a. neuroticism b. self-enhancement c. sensation seeking d. self-monitoring

b. self-enhancement

Which of the following unifying themes of your text illustrates the fact that there are literally dozens of insightful theories of personality? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage. d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.

d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.

. Which of the following unifying themes of your textbook illustrates the fact that Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality was influenced to a degree by his reaction to the hostilities of World War I? a. Psychology is the study of subjective experience. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Psychology is theoretically diverse. d. Psychology is empirical

b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.

Which of the following unifying themes of your text is illustrated by the tendency for Chinese individuals to engage in less self-enhancement than American individuals? a. Psychology is theoretically diverse. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Psychology is empirical. d. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.

d. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage

Which of the following is NOT one of the main uses of personality scales? a. college admissions b. clinical diagnosis c. psychological research d. personnel selection

a. college admissions

Dr. Illustra is using a personality test to determine whether certain conscientiousness is predictive of graduation GPA across 10 years in her university. Students complete the personality inventory in their first year of university, then Dr. Illustra keeps track of their grades and likelihood of graduating. What type of personality test use is this considered to be? a. psychological research b. clinical diagnosis c. counselling d. personnel selection

a. psychological research

Dr. Franken uses the MMPI to determine whether convicted criminals show evidence of antisocial tendencies. This information becomes part of each inmate’s record. For what purpose is Dr. Franken using a personality test? a. clinical diagnosis b. counselling c. psychological research d. personnel selection

a. clinical diagnosis

You have just taken a test that involved answering pages of questions about your characteristic behaviour. What type of test is this likely to be? a. intelligence test b. self-report personality inventory c. achievement test d. projective test

b. self-report personality inventory

Which of the following would you probably use if you needed a personality inventory capable of measuring a person’s degree of psychopathology? a. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire b. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory d. factor analysis

c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A friend tells you that he recently responded to a personality inventory with about 550 items which indicated that his level of depression was above normal. Which of the following did he likely complete? a. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b. the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule c. the Power Motivation Scale d. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

a. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Ernie tells you that his psychologist asked him to complete a lengthy questionnaire that contained over 500 true-or-false statements. He would like to find out more about this particular test, but he didn’t see the name of the test on the form that he filled out. Which of the following did he likely complete? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire c. NEO Personality Inventory d. Rorschach test

a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Why was the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) originally designed? a. as an aid for clinical diagnosis b. as a self-assessment tool c. to screen military personnel d. to assess basic dimensions of normal personality

a. as an aid for clinical diagnosis

Which of the following tests would you choose if you were going to choose a personality test that allows you to infer whether an individual is at risk for particular disorders? a. Personality Application tool b. NEO Personality Inventory c. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire d. Minnestota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

d. Minnestota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

What did Raymond Cattell use in order to identify clusters of closely related personality traits and the factors underlying them? a. analysis of variance b. normal distribution c. factor analysis d. multifactorial averaging

c. factor analysis

Which personality inventory was developed by Raymond Cattell to describe an individual in terms of a limited number of personality source traits? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire c. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) d. California Psychological Inventory

b. 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

Which of the following personality tests was designed to measure the “Big Five” traits? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. NEO Personality Inventory c. Thematic Apperception Test d. 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

b. NEO Personality Inventory

Beatrix is planning a research study for her doctoral dissertation. As part of the study, she wants to measure normal aspects of personality in each of the participants using a measure that is objective and precise. What would be the best measure for Beatrix to use? a. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) b. NEO Personality Inventory c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) d. Rorschach test

b. NEO Personality Inventory

One of the problems with self-report personality inventories is that respondents may answer questions in ways that make them look good. What is this tendency called? a. social desirability bias b. self-serving bias c. perceptual set d. response set

a. social desirability bias

Colton is completing a long personality inventory, and he doesn’t really want to take the time to read each of the questions in detail. Instead, he simply disagrees with all the statements. Which of the following describes Colton’s method of completing the personality inventory? a. a social desirability bias b. a negative response set c. a self-monitoring bias d. the use of deliberate deception

b. a negative response set

What type of personality measure asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus such as a picture or an inkblot? a. behaviour rating b. projective test c. deceptive test d. self-report personality inventory

b. projective test

Bess uses a software package on her computer to create a number of abstract images. She finds that each person who looks at the images sees something different in them. If Bess records the responses that each person provides, she may find the answers are similar to another test. Which of the following tests would that likely be? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) c. Rorschach test d. NEO Personality Inventory

c. Rorschach test

What type of stimulus is used in Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? a. ambiguous pictures b. forced-choice items c. inkblots d. true-false items

a. ambiguous pictures

Daryl is taking a personality test in which he is shown a series of simple scenes. He is supposed to tell a story about what is happening in each scene and suggest what the characters are feeling. Which of the following tests is Daryl taking? a. Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire b. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) c. Rorschach test d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? a. Thematic Apperception Test b. NEO Personality Inventory c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory d. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

a. Thematic Apperception Test

What are projective tests such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test designed to assess? a. your behaviour patterns b. your mental abilities c. your characteristic concerns, conflicts, and desires d. the way others perceive you

c. your characteristic concerns, conflicts, and desires

Which of the following is considered a major strength of projective tests? a. substantial evidence for their validity b. consistency of the scores provided c. difficulty for a subject to engage in deliberate deception d. high degree of standardization in administration and scoring

c. difficulty for a subject to engage in deliberate deception

Which of the following is one of the main criticisms of projective tests? a. More effort is needed to respond to them than in the case of self-report inventories. b. They are deceptive attempts to get at the unconscious. c. There is inadequate evidence for the reliability of projective measures. d. Their accuracy depends on the order in which the stimuli are presented.

c. There is inadequate evidence for the reliability of projective measures.

What is the term for the tendency to mould our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out? a. hindsight bias b. projection c. reaction formation d. self-enhancement

a. hindsight bias

Stef’s neighbour was just arrested for a series of violent crimes across the city. As Stef is being interviewed by a local journalist, he says “I knew all along that there was something not quite right about that man. He seemed almost too nice.” What is this an example of? a. self-fulfilling prophesy b. ubiquity effect c. hindsight bias d. rationalization

c. hindsight bias

Which of the following phrases is consistent with hindsight bias? a. “Everyone else is crazy.” b. “No pain, no gain.” c. “Opposites attract.” d. “I knew it all along.”

d. “I knew it all along.

Which of the following statements regarding hindsight bias is least accurate? a. Hindsight bias is generally restricted to thinking about issues related to personality. b. The notion of hindsight bias has been raised in criticisms of psychoanalytic theory. c. Hindsight bias appears to be pervasive in everyday analyses of personality. d. Hindsight bias occurs in many different settings.

a. Hindsight bias is generally restricted to thinking about issues related to personality.

Complete the following analogy: Sex and aggression are to Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality as the tendency for personal growth is to _____. a. B.F. Skinner’s theory b. Abraham Maslow’s theory c. Han Eysenck’s theory d. Carl Jung’s theory

b. Abraham Maslow’s theory

Which of the following theories of personality was developed from laboratory experiments, primarily with animals? a. Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis b. B.F. Skinner’s behavioural view c. Carl Rogers’s humanistic view d. Han Eysenck’s biological theory

b. B.F. Skinner’s behavioural view

Which of the following theories of personality was developed from data collected from family, twin, and adoption studies? a. Han Eysenck’s biological theory b. Carl Rogers’ humanistic view c. Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis d. B.F. Skinner’s behavioural view

a. Han Eysenck’s biological theory

Psychodynamic theories have been criticized for their lack of empirical evidence and poor testability. Are there some of Freud’s, Jung’s, and Adler’s ideas that would be easier to test than others? How might you go about designing research studies to test some of these ideas?

Answers should reveal students’ understanding of various research approaches as well as several psychodynamic concepts or hypotheses. Answers should suggest plausible ways to test these concepts or hypotheses. Some starting points might include the following: Using the interview or projective measures, you might be able to test Freud’s hypothesis that sexual and aggressive drives are more often frustrated than other basic, biological drives. The same means could be used to probe for the operation of defence mechanisms. Modern longitudinal research techniques combined with sophisticated behavioural coding might yield evidence relevant to Freud’s and Adler’s assertions about childhood experiences moulding adult personality. Jung’s basic approach to testing his hypothesis about the existence of a collective unconscious could be improved on. The presence of archetypes in the unconscious of the individual could be probed using projective techniques. If commonalties across individuals were found, then modern anthropological and archaeological techniques could be used to search for corresponding symbols in other cultures and time periods. The concepts of introvert and extravert have been fairly easy to test using psychological test

. How do you think an operant theorist like Skinner would explain defence mechanisms? Give several examples.

Answers should demonstrate students’ understanding both of several defence mechanisms and of the principles of operant conditioning. In general, an operant theorist would probably explain defence mechanisms as behaviours that one has learned to engage in when confronted by anxiety-arousing stimuli because those behaviours have led to anxiety reduction. This is an example of negative reinforcement. Defence mechanisms might also be explained as examples of escape or avoidance behaviours.

On first learning about the different theoretical perspectives on personality, many people like the views of the humanistic theorists best. Why do you think this is? Are these reasons sound, scientific criteria for evaluating a theoretical perspective on personality?

Reasons for people’s preference for humanistic views will vary, though a common reason will probably be the humanistic emphasis on free will and choice. More important than the reasons students give for people’s preferring humanistic notions are their views on the soundness of these reasons as scientific criteria for evaluating theories. Since the scientific approach places a premium on objectivity, one’s merely “liking” the idea of free choice, for instance, should be recognized as an inadequate evaluative criterion. In a good answer, the student will separate preferences from sound, scientific criteria, and recognize that an evaluative argument should be based on the latter.

Modern personality research tends to focus on specific traits. Psychologists have moved away from attempting to develop “grand theories” of personality such as those of the psychodynamic and humanistic theorists. Why do you think this has occurred? Do you think the trend toward “mini-theories” that focus on specific personality traits is the best way to advance our understanding of personality?

A good approach to answering this question would be to point to the lack of empirical evidence that’s available to support the grand theories of the psychodynamic and humanistic theorists. On the other hand, theories about specific traits have been easier to test. An insightful response to this question would be one that acknowledges the advances that the mini-theories have accomplished—at least some fairly reliable understanding of some of the “pieces” of personality. But a fuller understanding of personality requires that these pieces be arranged in such a way that there is a completed puzzle of personality results. And this might be best accomplished under the direction of an overall blueprint, i.e., a grand theory. So there would seem to be some need for these larger theories as well

discuss ways in which each of the major perspectives on personality has influenced some aspect of everyday life in modern society.

Answers should demonstrate sound understanding of the broad principles underlying each theoretical approach, and hypotheses about how these principles have influenced everyday life should be well reasoned. Some possibilities include the following: Psychodynamic: A tremendous number of notions that comprise “common knowledge” in our society derive from this perspective, especially Freud’s work. These include the beliefs that childhood experiences influence later personality and psychological health, that dreams are meaningful, and that the contents of the unconscious can influence behaviour. Behavioural: Behaviour-modification techniques are widely used to change habits in oneself and others. Our criminal justice system seems to be based on a belief in the effectiveness of punishment in controlling behaviour. Advertising counts on the effectiveness of modelling to help sell products. Humanistic: The notion of the self is prominent in our society. Most people agree that high levels of self-esteem are important, especially in children, and people sometimes go to great lengths to engender high self-esteem in themselves and others. We greatly value the notion of free choice. Self-actualization is a highly regarded and much sought-after achievement. Biological: The idea that personality traits are strongly influenced by heredity has become more popular, especially in the wake of the twin research reported in the chapter. It has become more acceptable to hold this intuitively appealing view.