Unit 7 chapter 13 Flashcards by Christie AA

Which of the following models states that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction
of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors?
a. neuroimmunology
b. behaviourist
c. biopsychosocial
d. medical

c. biopsychosocial

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As a result of changes in the way that health professionals think about physical illness over
the last few decades, which of the following has the purely biological model given way to?
a. treatment and prevention
b. psychosomatic
c. biopsychosocial
d. immunology

c. biopsychosocial

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Which of the following is a reason that the field of health psychology has emerged?
a. Being ill affects mood, and we need to understand this unidirectional effect.
b. It is now well known that many diseases have neurological origins.
c. Our modern focus on health includes prevention, not just treating existing illness.
d. Diseases such as AIDS can have a serious impact on cognitive functioning

c. Our modern focus on health includes prevention, not just treating existing illness.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns of health psychology?
a. refinements to the diagnostic process
b. promotion and maintenance of health
c. prevention of illness
d. causation and treatment of illness

a. refinements to the diagnostic process

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How does your text define stress?
a. illness-inducing behaviour
b. circumstances that are perceived as threatening
c. any unpleasant event
d. responses we make to unpleasant events

b. circumstances that are perceived as threatening

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According to the definition of stress, which of the following would NOT necessarily be
considered stress?
a. You ask someone out on a date, and feel quite happy about the answer.
b. A friend brings over her pet kitten, and you find the little beast irritating.
c. You see a man with a knife in front of you, and you freeze in fear.
d. You witness a car accident in which you were not involved, and it leaves you too
shaken to drive.

a. You ask someone out on a date, and feel quite happy about the answer.

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What does research have to say about the general effect of everyday problems and the minor
nuisances of life?
a. Minor stresses produce minor effects.
b. Minor stresses may have significant harmful effects on both physical and mental
health.
c. Minor stresses often have significant harmful effects on mental health, but don’t
affect physical health.
d. Minor stresses have negative effects only when coupled with major stresses.

b. Minor stresses may have significant harmful effects on both physical and mental
health.

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Why might minor stresses be more strongly related to mental health than major stressful
events?
a. We feel more out of control with minor stresses than we do with major stresses.
b. We are much more intimately involved with minor stresses.
c. Minor stresses lead to more intense physiological arousal than major stresses.
d. Stress has cumulative effects.

d. Stress has cumulative effects.

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Mason is already late for an important appointment when he realizes he is almost out of gas.
He stops to fill up, and the clerk has trouble getting approval on his credit card. When Mason
finally pulls out of the service station, the traffic is crawling because of an accident. What do
we know about effects of inconveniences of this type?
a. They usually create avoidance-avoidance conflicts.
b. They are stressful only to individuals with a Type A personality.
c. They are such routine hassles that they are not perceived as stressful.
d. They can often have a significant effect on physical and mental health.

d. They can often have a significant effect on physical and mental health

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Shelagh is feeling really stressed. Nothing out of the ordinary is going on, but she still feels
like she’s having a difficult time coping. It seems like all the little things are making her more
stressed than they should; things like remembering to take out the recycling, the barking of the
dog next door, and having to choose a dress for her cousin’s wedding next week. Aubrey has
all the same things going on in her life, but she is not feeling stressed at all. Why might
Shelagh feel stressed, even though there are no major threats to her well-being?
a. Minor stressors elicit larger responses than major stressors, on average, so it is
Aubrey’s response that is unusual, not Shelagh’s.
b. The stressors that Shelagh is experiencing are actually more severe than the ones
experienced by Aubrey.
c. Response to stress depends on many factors, including the type of stress, biological
factors within Shelagh, and Shelagh’s history of stress.
d. Shelagh is mentally ill.

c. Response to stress depends on many factors, including the type of stress, biological
factors within Shelagh, and Shelagh’s history of stress.

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Ted is very agitated about an upcoming presentation that he must give. His roommate doesn’t
understand why Ted is nervous because presentations are no big deal. Which of the following
statements does this example illustrate?
a. When it comes to stress, humans tend not to feel empathy.
b. Our appraisals of stressful events are highly subjective.
c. Strong-minded persons are better able to handle stressful events than weak-minded
ones.
d. Our appraisals of stressful events are basically objective.

b. Our appraisals of stressful events are highly subjective

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. Fred was just asked to be the master of ceremonies at his brother’s wedding. Public speaking
terrifies him so he perceives this as a very stressful event. What type of appraisal is Fred
conducting?
a. secondary
b. primary
c. offensive
d. defensive

b. primary

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Elaine is thinking about an upcoming event that she is worried about, and she is thinking
about who she can call to help her. What type of appraisal is Elaine conducting?
a. offensive
b. defensive
c. secondary
d. primary

c. secondary

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Most of Conrad’s friends consider him to be highly neurotic. Which of the following is also
likely to be true about Conrad compared to his friends?
a. He is more likely to perceive events as stressful.
b. He is less likely to use defensive coping strategies.
c. He is less likely to perceive events as stressful.
d. He is more likely to “choke” under pressure.

a. He is more likely to perceive events as stressful

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What does the term “frustration” refer to, in the context of stress research?
a. being caught between two incompatible motives
b. being expected to live up to high standards of performance
c. the most frequent emotional response to aggression
d. being blocked in the pursuit of a desired goal

d. being blocked in the pursuit of a desired goal

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Virginia has wanted to be a physician for as long as she can remember, but she has been
unable to gain entry to medical school. What is the term for what Virginia is experiencing?
a. frustration
b. regression
c. burnout
d. learned helplessness

a. frustration

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Tatiana just finished entering her ten-page term paper into one of the computers in the
university’s computer lab. She clicks the “Save” command, and the computer unexpectedly
freezes. When she reboots the computer she discovers that all but the first two pages of her
term paper have been lost. What is Tatiana most likely experiencing at this point in time?
a. conflict
b. burnout
c. pressure
d. frustration

d. frustration

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Steve was excited when he finally landed the lead role in one of the community theatre
productions. He has been rehearsing his part for the past two months, but on the day that the
play is scheduled to open, Steve awakens with a bad case of laryngitis and he is unable to
perform in the play. What is Steve most likely experiencing at this point?
a. frustration
b. conflict
c. pressure
d. burnout

a. frustration

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The Sidewinders football team made a big comeback in the second half of the game. All their
kicker needed to do was kick a field goal, and they would win the game by two points.
Unfortunately, the kicker missed, and they lost the game. What did the Sidewinders’ coach
most likely experience, as he watched the kick go wide?
a. frustration
b. burnout
c. pressure
d. conflict

a. frustration

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Which of the following would NOT qualify as a frustrating event?
a. having trouble deciding between two items on a menu
b. getting a “B” on an exam when you wanted an “A”
c. finding that your car has not yet been repaired even though you left it hours ago
d. being stuck in traffic

a. having trouble deciding between two items on a menu

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Miranda started a small craft business in her home three years ago. Last year she finally
moved her business into a small store along her town’s main street. Last Saturday, most of her
store’s stock was destroyed as firefighters fought a fire that had started in the vacant office
next to her store. Which of the following is Miranda most likely experiencing as she walks
through her ruined store?
a. frustration
b. conflict
c. burnout
d. pressure

a. frustration

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In general, what is the least stressful conflict?
a. avoidance-avoidance
b. double approach-avoidance
c. approach-approach
d. approach-avoidance

c. approach-approach

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Two blockbuster movies are opening on the same weekend, and Andrea is having trouble
deciding which movie to see first. What type of conflict is Andrea experiencing?
a. risk-aversion
b. avoidance-avoidance
c. avoidance-approach
d. approach-approach

d. approach-approach

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Geena has made it to the final round in a game show. She must now choose between a
fantastic all-expenses-paid trip to Greece, or a new SUV. Geena wants both of them very
badly! What type of conflict is Geena facing as she tries to decide between the two available
alternatives?
a. approach-approach
b. appetitive-frustration
c. frustration-pressure
d. approach-avoidance

a. approach-approach

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. What type of conflict are you experiencing when you find yourself “caught between a rock and a hard place,”? a. avoidance-avoidance b. approach-approach c. approach-avoidance d. double approach-avoidance

a. avoidance-avoidance

Your gruesome, beastly jailer walks in and offers you the choice of being whipped or clubbed as your form of punishment for the day. Which of the following are you experiencing, assuming that neither alternative appeals to you? a. an avoidance-avoidance conflict b. an approach-avoidance conflict c. an approach-approach conflict d. a thrill at being given a choice

a. an avoidance-avoidance conflict

What type of conflict are you experiencing if you cannot decide whether to submit to back surgery, which you dread, to alleviate your back pain or to continue to live with the pain, which you sometimes find unbearable? a. approach-avoidance b. approach-approach c. double approach-avoidance d. avoidance-avoidance

d. avoidance-avoidance

Melissa has an old car that is desperately in need of expensive repairs. She is trying to decide whether she should spend the $1,500 she has in her savings account to repair her old clunker. If she repairs it, she will have reliable transportation again, but it also means that she will not be able to take time off from work over the holidays. What type of conflict is Melissa facing as she tries to make her decision? a. approach-avoidance b. approach-approach c. pressure-frustration d. frustration-pressure

a. approach-avoidance

Theresa loves to eat but at the same time fears becoming overweight. What is she experiencing? a. frustration-pressure response b. fight-or-flight response c. approach-avoidance conflict d. avoidance-avoidance conflict

c. approach-avoidance conflict

Leonard has a job with a small company where he gets along well with everyone, and he has 15 years of seniority. Recently a competitor called to offer him a job that would pay more money, but where he would be starting over, with no seniority. What type of conflict is Leonard facing as he tries to decide whether to accept the new job because it offers more money, or turn the job offer down because it would mean giving up his seniority? a. no-win b. frustration-pressure c. approach-avoidance d. approach-approach

c. approach-avoidance

Megan is looking at the ballot form for a citywide referendum and trying to decide whether or not to support the proposed change. If the referendum passes there will be better services available for all the city residents, but it will also mean that residents will pay increased property taxes. What type of conflict is Megan facing as she tries to decide whether to support the proposed referendum? a. approach-approach b. frustration-pressure c. no-win d. approach-avoidance

d. approach-avoidance

Lacey just started a new job recently. She’s adjusting to working in a different place, with new coworkers and an increased amount of responsibility. She really enjoys her new job, but some of the changes are aggravating. For example, in order to get to her new job she has to transfer from one bus line to another, and there are often delays at the transfer point. Lacey has started dealing with this delay by keeping a book of crossword puzzles in her bag. That way she always has something entertaining to do when she has to wait. Before she started bringing puzzles along, Lacey would often find herself sitting on the bench getting angrier and angrier about the delay. By the time she got to work, she would have herself worked up into such a state that she would snap at her coworkers. She knew that this pattern of behaviour wouldn’t help her chances of getting promoted, so she sat down with her boyfriend one night to brainstorm about ways that she could prevent herself from getting so angry. Her boyfriend pointed out that it was probably her boredom that made her so upset. He also suggested that she fill the time with something that she really enjoys but doesn’t get a chance to do. That’s when she decided on the crosswords. Now that she has a way to deal with the delay, Lacey also finds that she doesn’t get as many headaches as she used to Which term best describes the stress associated with repeated bus delays? a. frustration b. hazard c. conflict d. pressure

a. frustration

What would happen to Lacey’s score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale as a result of getting a great new job? a. It would go up. b. It would go up if she perceives the job to be stressful. c. It would go down. d. It would stay the same

a. It would go up.

What does Lacey snapping at her coworkers illustrate? a. approach-avoidance conflict b. avoidance-avoidance conflict c. the coping mechanism known as aggression d. the coping mechanism known as displacement

d. the coping mechanism known as displacement

What is the term used to describe Lacey’s behaviour of recognizing a problem, confronting it, and finding a practical solution? a. constructive coping b. defensive coping c. general adaptation d. intellectualization

a. constructive coping

What term could be used to describe the headaches if Lacey’s headaches were caused by stress? a. psychosomatic b. burnout c. reactive d. defensive

a. psychosomatic

Which of the following reactions do approach-avoidance conflicts often produce in people trying to make those sorts of decisions? a. approach b. withdrawal c. avoidance d. vacillation

d. vacillation

Which type of conflict tends to result in behavioural vacillation? a. avoidance-avoidance b. approach-avoidance c. approach-approach d. no-win

b. approach-avoidance

What did Holmes and Rahe find, with their study of stress and vulnerability to illness, was a major source of stress for people? a. changes in one’s life that require readjustment b. failures c. life events involving loss d. only those life changes the person sees as negative

a. changes in one’s life that require readjustment

Dr. Gouin believes that getting a promotion at work or getting married is just as stressful as losing a job or getting a divorce. Which of the following pairs of researchers would agree with Dr. Gouin? a. Scheier and Carver b. Miller and DiMatteo c. Holmes and Rahe d. Friedman and Rosenman

c. Holmes and Rahe

What was the Social Readjustment Rating Scale designed specifically to measure? a. change b. aggression c. conflict d. control

a. change

Rosemary recently married her high school sweetheart, and they moved into a wonderful new condominium. A week after the move, Rosemary was offered a job that she had been hoping she would get. At this point in time, Rosemary can’t imagine being any happier. What is Rosemary experiencing according to Holmes and Rahe? a. a high level of stress b. an approach-approach conflict c. overcompensation d. little or no stress

a. a high level of stress

Which of the following is the most stressful event, according to the Social Readjustment Scale? a. trouble with the in-laws b. change in sleeping habits c. retirement d. marriage

d. marriage

Which of the following is likely among people with higher scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? a. They react more negatively to stressful events. b. They cope more effectively with long-term stressors associated with change. c. They are more vulnerable to physical illness and psychological problems. d. They have a more external locus of control.

c. They are more vulnerable to physical illness and psychological problems

What is the major criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? a. It contains positive events as well as negative ones. b. It focuses exclusively on frustrating events. c. It does not measure change exclusively. d. It is based on a biased sample.

c. It does not measure change exclusively.

Which of the following is supported by most current research on change and stress? a. Too much change of whatever sort automatically makes one more vulnerable to physical and psychological problems. b. Keeping change to a minimum is an effective way to avoid the harmful effects of stress. c. Change is not inherently or inevitably stressful. d. Both positive and negative changes are equally stressful.

c. Change is not inherently or inevitably stressful.

Which of the following terms is defined by demands or expectations to behave in a certain way? a. frustration b. stress c. pressure d. conflict

c. pressure

The Flashback football team made a big comeback in the second half, and are now down by a single point. Which of the following are both the quarterback and the intended receiver likely to be experiencing as the team lines up for the final play of the game? a. pressure b. conflict c. burnout d. frustration

a. pressure

Winona has a ten-page term paper due first thing in the morning, and she still has over half the paper left to write. At the same time her boyfriend is insisting that she come to the concert that evening where he will be performing his first violin solo. She knows that she needs to work on the paper, but she also knows her boyfriend will be disappointed if she doesn’t attend the concert. Which of the following is Winona most likely feeling? a. frustration b. burnout c. performance anxiety d. pressure

d. pressure

Yacov has just been told by his parents that he is expected to maintain a straight-A average this year because they want him to be able to go to medical school just like all the other men in his family did (something Yacov does not really want to do). What is Yacov experiencing? a. pressure to perform b. frustration c. both pressure to perform and pressure to conform d. pressure to conform

c. both pressure to perform and pressure to conform

What appears to mediate between a potentially stressful event and the emotional, physiological, and behavioural response to that event? a. appraisal of the event b. magnitude of the event c. frequency of occurrence of the event d. number of other people who are present

a. appraisal of the event

Which of the following is true of emotional responses to stress? a. They are always negative emotions. b. They typically alternate between positive and negative emotions. c. They are more intense in women than in men. d. They may be either positive or negative emotions.

d. They may be either positive or negative emotions.

Which of the following statements concerning positive emotions and stress is the least accurate? a. Positive emotions experienced while under stress have important adaptive significance. b. Experiencing positive emotions while under stress is rare, and it is associated with denial in most individuals. c. The presence of positive emotions can promote creativity and flexibility in problem solving. d. The presence of positive emotions may reduce vulnerability to heart disease in older adults

b. Experiencing positive emotions while under stress is rare, and it is associated with denial in most individuals

As Karen goes through a difficult family problem, she maintains a cheerful attitude most of the time. Which of the following is likely to be a consequence of Karen’s emotional state according to the broaden-and-build theory? a. It will be easier for her to walk away from the problem if necessary. b. She will be better able to solve problems as they arise. c. She is prevented from properly dealing with the stress. d. It will be more difficult for her to cope if the outcome is negative

b. She will be better able to solve problems as they arise

Which of the following cues should you use if you were to attempt to predict life expectancy of a group of people, and the only information you had available were their photo albums? a. frequency of party photos b. the number of photos that contain family members c. the frequency of Duchenne smiles d. presence of wedding pictures

c. the frequency of Duchenne smiles

Which of the following is true about the optimal level of arousal for task performance? a. It is about the same from one task to another. b. It relates more to personal makeup than to the task. c. It decreases as the tasks become more complex. d. It increases as the tasks become more complex.

c. It decreases as the tasks become more complex.

Mildred has to drive across town to help a friend who is experiencing a crisis. It is a time of day when traffic is light, and therefore this should be a fairly simple task. What type of arousal would be optimal for this simple task? a. the level of arousal depends on Mildred’s ability to cope with a simple task b. low level c. moderate level d. high level

d. high level

Leigh works as a tax accountant and has to complete complex worksheets for each of her clients. Adriana works in a factory where she performs a fairly simple visual inspection of the finished product. Which of the following should you expect, assuming both Leigh and Adriana experienced a high level of arousal after hearing some distressing news? a. Both Leigh and Adriana will show significant impairment in the performance of their respective jobs. b. Leigh’s performance will be impaired more than Adriana’s performance. c. Adriana’s performance will be impaired more than Leigh’s performance. d. Neither Leigh nor Adriana will show any impairment in the performance of their respective jobs.

b. Leigh’s performance will be impaired more than Adriana’s performance.

What is the term for the physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for action? a. fight-or-flight response b. primary appraisal c. resistance d. catharsis

a. fight-or-flight response

Which of the following controls the fight-or-flight response as a physiological reaction to a threat? a. thalamus b. autonomic nervous system c. pyramidal system d. central nervous system

b. autonomic nervous system

Which of the following mediates the fight-or-flight reaction? a. peripheral nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. skeletal nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system

d. sympathetic nervous system

Chelsey was just startled by a spider. Which of the following reactions will be elicited by Chelsey’s fight-or-flight response? a. a reduction in breathing, heart rate, and digestive processes b. an acceleration in breathing and heart rate and a reduction in digestive processes c. a reduction in breathing and heart rate and an acceleration in digestive processes d. an acceleration in breathing, heart rate, and digestive processes

b. an acceleration in breathing and heart rate and a reduction in digestive processes

Which of the following statements regarding the fight-or-flight response is least accurate? a. Fight-or-flight is an adaptive response for most members of the animal kingdom. b. This autonomic response is most likely a “leftover” from humankind’s evolutionary past. c. Most modern current human stressors cannot be handled through fighting or fleeing. d. Human stresses generally pass too quickly for the fight-or-flight response to be an effective coping mechanism.

d. Human stresses generally pass too quickly for the fight-or-flight response to be an effective coping mechanism

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have a tend-and-befriend response? a. a calm, contented female b. a stressed female c. a stressed male d. a calm, contented male

b. a stressed female

What is the name that Hans Selye gave to the body’s response to stress? a. defensive coping b. fight-or-flight response c. catharsis d. general adaptation syndrome

d. general adaptation syndrome

What did Hans Selye believe about the body’s reactions to stressful situations? a. They are specific to the type of stressor involved. b. They cannot be generalized across individuals. c. They are the same regardless of the stressor. d. They vary as a function of the individual.

c. They are the same regardless of the stressor.

Which of the following represents the correct order for the three stages of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. recognition, reaction, evaluation b. primary, secondary, tertiary c. alarm, resistance, exhaustion d. detection, adaptation, recovery

c. alarm, resistance, exhaustion

You have just come face to face with a bear on your walk through the woods. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does your body automatically mobilize itself for action? a. exhaustion b. alarm c. resistance d. coping

b. alarm

Dustin was driving his car on an icy road when the back end started to skid out of control. His car crossed the centre line, and he could see the headlights of rapidly approaching, oncoming traffic. His entire body became energized. His heart rate and respiration increased, and he began to perspire profusely. What was Dustin experiencing, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. an alarm reaction b. physiological exhaustion c. autonomic rebound d. a resistance reaction

a. an alarm reaction

Clarice was in a meeting with several other employees when her boss started to criticize a proposal Clarice had put together for the marketing department. As he started into his critique, Clarice’s heart rate and respiration increased, and she could feel her face and hands become flushed and red. What was Clarice experiencing, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. physiological exhaustion b. an alarm reaction c. autonomic rebound d. a resistance reaction

b. an alarm reaction

According to Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, what is the stage in which the body appears to be functioning efficiently, although in actuality arousal may continue to be higher than normal? a. exhaustion b. resistance c. alarm d. maintenance

b. resistance

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body go into after the body’s unsuccessful first attempt at dealing with a stressor? a. sympathetic b. alarm c. third d. resistance

d. resistance

Tiana was walking down the street late one evening when a stranger suddenly stepped out of the shadows. Her initial reaction was one of total panic, but then she began to think of all her options. Although her heart was still pounding, she quickly crossed to the other side of the street and began walking in the opposite direction. What was Tiana experiencing, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. an alarm reaction b. autonomic rebound c. a resistance reaction d. physiological exhaustion

c. a resistance reaction

Travis was piloting a small private jet. He was making his final approach through heavy fog, and when he finally broke through the fog cover at 150 feet, he realized that the runway was 20 yards to his left. For an instant he experienced a sensation of total panic, but he quickly took action. With his heart still pounding, he gave the plane full throttle in an attempt to clear the rapidly approaching trees. What was Travis experiencing as he took action, according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. physiological exhaustion b. autonomic rebound c. a resistance reaction d. an alarm reaction

c. a resistance reaction

What is the final stage of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, in which the organism’s resources for fighting stress may be depleted? a. fatigue b. alarm c. resistance d. exhaustion

d. exhaustion

Bryce is an army field surgeon who has been operating on wounded soldiers for the past 24 hours, without a break. It seems as if he will never be able to deal with all the wounded soldiers who are already at the field hospital, and more wounded are arriving every hour. Meanwhile, the sound of heavy artillery is getting closer all the time. At this point, Bryce feels completely worn out. His overall energy reserves are totally depleted, and his body just wants to give up. What is Bryce experiencing according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. a resistance reaction b. autonomic rebound c. physiological exhaustion d. an alarm reaction

c. physiological exhaustion

Brooke had been battling the rising floodwaters around her home for more than 72 hours. It seemed that no matter how many sandbags she stacked, it wasn’t enough. At this point she just feels that there is nothing else that she can do. Her overall energy reserves are totally depleted, and her body just wants to give up. What is Brooke experiencing according to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome? a. an alarm reaction b. physiological exhaustion c. a resistance reaction d. autonomic rebound

b. physiological exhaustion

What happens when the adrenal medulla is stimulated? a. Corticosteroids are absorbed by the adrenal glands. b. Large amounts of catecholamines are released into the bloodstream. c. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated. d. The hormone AH is secreted.

b. Large amounts of catecholamines are released into the bloodstream.

Dionne is trapped in an elevator that is stuck between the third and fourth floors of an office building. As maintenance workers try to restart the elevator, it suddenly drops ten feet before becoming stuck once more. As the elevator drops, Dionne’s sympathetic nervous system is activated. What happens next? a. The adrenal cortex will begin to release large amounts of catecholamines. b. The adrenal medulla will begin to release corticosteroids. c. The amygdala will slow the release of acetylcholine. d. The adrenal medulla will begin to release large amounts of catecholamines

d. The adrenal medulla will begin to release large amounts of catecholamines

Which of the following is NOT a consequence associated with the release of catecholamines in the body? a. heart rate increases b. digestive processes speed up c. oxygen consumption increases d. visual sensitivity increases

b. digestive processes speed up

Nora has just noticed a big scary dog running toward her. What is happening in her brain? a. Her pituitary gland activates the hypothalamus. b. Her cerebellum activates the autonomic nervous system. c. Her thalamus activates the pituitary gland. d. Her hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system

d. Her hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system

Nora is being chased by a big scary dog. Which hormones are being pumped into her bloodstream?? a. catecholamines and endorphins b. endorphins and serotonin c. endorphins and corticosteroids d. catecholamines and corticosteroids

d. catecholamines and corticosteroids

In a stress reaction, the pituitary gland releases the hormone AHigher orderH. What does AHigher orderH then stimulate? a. adrenal cortex b. gonads c. medulla d. hypothalamus

a. adrenal cortex

Ivan’s car began to slip sideways on the rain-slick road. As his car spun out of control, and into the path of oncoming traffic, his pituitary gland began to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (AHigher orderH). What happens next? a. The adrenal cortex will begin to release corticosteroids. b. The adrenal cortex will begin to release catecholamines. c. The amygdala will slow the release of acetylcholine. d. The adrenal medulla will begin to release corticosteroids.

a. The adrenal cortex will begin to release corticosteroids.

What are the two major pathways by which the brain may signal the endocrine system? a. circulatory and muscular systems b. autonomic and skeletal nervous systems c. pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system d. parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

c. pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system

What is the term used to describe active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress? a. coping b. resisting c. defending d. aggressing

a. coping

Which of the following is true of coping responses in dealing with stress? a. They are not “coping” unless they are adaptive. b. They are typically maladaptive. c. They are typically adaptive. d. They may be adaptive or maladaptive.

d. They may be adaptive or maladaptive

What is learned helplessness? a. a release of emotional tension that often accompanies stress b. protecting oneself from unpleasant situations by refusing to acknowledge them c. passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events d. atoning for unacceptable unconscious drives or impulses in socially acceptable ways

c. passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events

What do people typically experience if they use behavioural disengagement as a coping strategy? a. catastrophic thinking and self-blame b. release of negative emotional tension c. increased, rather than decreased, distress d. overcompensation or intellectualization

c. increased, rather than decreased, distress

Scott and Victoria are arguing about whether learned helplessness is a more productive coping style than behavioural disengagement. If you wanted to settle this argument, what should you tell them? a. Both styles are adaptive, and lead to reduced stress. b. They are merely two terms for the same coping style. c. Both styles are maladaptive, and lead to more stress. d. Neither style has been studied enough to have conclusive evidence.

b. They are merely two terms for the same coping style.

What is most likely to happen when people who are confronted by stressful situations engage in self-blame? a. They show evidence of catharsis or displaced aggression. b. They aggravate and perpetuate problematic emotional reactions to stress. c. They find that their social support networks are strengthened. d. They experience a decrease in their overall level of autonomic arousal

b. They aggravate and perpetuate problematic emotional reactions to stress.

Which of the following represents the original frustration-aggression hypothesis put forth by Dollard and his colleagues? a. Aggression is always caused by frustration. b. Frustration is always a consequence of aggression. c. Frustration is a factor only in aggressive behaviour for nonhuman species. d. Frustration causes males to be more aggressive than females.

a. Aggression is always caused by frustration.

A police officer gives you a speeding ticket, and you take out your frustration and anger on your roommate. What is the term for this diversion of anger to a substitute target? a. reaction formation b. displacement c. catharsis d. overcompensation

b. displacement

Julie’s father borrowed her car to run some errands. When he returned the car, the taillight was broken. Julie was angry, but she didn’t say anything to her father. Later, when her son dropped cookie crumbs on the floor, Julie yelled at him and sent him to his room with no supper. Which of the following concepts does Julie’s behaviour toward her son illustrate?? a. displacement b. self-indulgence c. undoing d. overcompensation

a. displacement

. Which of the following terms represents the idea that emotional tension can be released through behaviour, in an adaptive manner? a. catharsis b. an unconditioned response c. the safety-valve effect d. displacement

a. catharsis

Garret is frustrated and angry when his request for a pay raise is turned down. After work, Garret goes to his gym and hits the punching bag for 10 minutes. Garret finds that he feels less tense and wound up after his workout. What concept does this example illustrate? a. undoing b. overcompensation c. denial d. catharsis

d. catharsis

Tim is feeling very frustrated and angry with his roommate, and thinks that he will feel better if he and his roommate fight it out with boxing gloves. What could you tell him about his plan? a. It will initially increase tension but in the long run it will lead to a better relationship. b. It will cause his roommate to experience learned helplessness. c. It will lead to catharsis and reduce his frustration. d. It will probably just fuel more anger and aggression

d. It will probably just fuel more anger and aggression

When final exam time rolls around, Murray finds himself eating all the time. What is the term for this type of reaction to stress? a. learned helplessness b. reaction formation c. constructive coping d. self-indulgence

d. self-indulgence

Francis finished writing her Economics final and was convinced that she had failed the exam and would have to repeat the course. She was so stressed out by the thought of taking the course a second time that she drank four glasses of wine when she got home. What method did Francis use to cope with her stress? a. self-indulgence b. undoing c. learned helplessness d. overcompensation

a. self-indulgence

Whenever Paris feels particularly stressed or frustrated, she tends to engage in what she calls “retail therapy” where she heads to the mall and spends a great deal of money on a wide variety of clothes, jewellery, and other treats for herself. What is Paris’s favourite coping method called? a. displacement b. self-indulgence c. behavioural disengagement d. catharsis

b. self-indulgence

What is the term for unconscious reactions for dealing with unpleasant emotions such as anxiety or guilt? a. rationalizations b. neurosis c. constructive coping d. defence mechanisms

d. defence mechanisms

There is one week left in the semester, and Andre has put off working on his five term papers until the very last minute. Although it has always taken him three to four days to write a single term paper, Andre is convinced that he can write all five papers in the week that remains. What coping strategy does Andre engage in, in this instance? a. intellectualization b. denial of reality c. self-indulgence d. overcompensation

b. denial of reality

Webb’s teacher has told him that there is really no way for him to earn a passing grade in his statistics class, even if he earns 100 percent on all the work that remains. However, Webb has convinced himself that he will still pass the course if he just works really hard for the rest of the semester. What coping mechanism is Webb using in this instance? a. undoing b. overcompensation c. displacement d. denial of reality

d. denial of reality

Jan’s husband hardly ever comes home in the evening, and on days when he does get in just after midnight, he often smells of perfume and his clothes are dishevelled. Several of Jan’s friends have told her she should divorce her husband because he is obviously having an affair. However, Jan is convinced he is working late at the office every night so that they will have enough money to buy their dream house. Which coping mechanism does this illustrate? a. overcompensation b. undoing c. denial of reality d. displacement

c. denial of reality

Bella is majoring in English literature, and she has applied for over 100 scholarships during the last year. However, she hasn’t received any of the scholarships because her grades are quite low. When she received the latest letter notifying her that a scholarship had gone to someone else, she imagined how humiliated the committee members would be if she were to get one of her short stories published. What coping mechanism does this illustrate? a. intellectualization b. overcompensation c. use of fantasy d. displacement

c. use of fantasy

Alan is a socially inept man who imagines that he is secretly admired by women who all wish he would seduce them. What defence mechanism does this illustrate? a. substitution b. denial of reality c. fantasy d. intellectualization

c. fantasy

Bertram was on death row awaiting execution. He refused to allow any appeals on his behalf, and he insisted that the law be followed exactly. Which coping mechanism does this illustrate? a. overcompensation b. fantasy c. intellectualization d. undoing

c. intellectualization

According to Freud, what defence mechanism is being used when an individual copes with stressful situations by trying to atone for unacceptable desires or behaviours? a. intellectualization b. undoing c. overcompensation d. fantasy

b. undoing

A teenager who regularly engages in masturbation, but feels very guilty about it, touches a religious icon exactly ten times after each act of masturbation. Which coping mechanism would Freud suggest is being used in this example? a. fantasy b. undoing c. overcompensation d. denial

b. undoing

Thelma goes to a nightclub and flirts with dozens of men whenever she feels neglected and ignored by her husband. What coping mechanism would Freud suggest that Thelma is using, in this example? a. overcompensation b. undoing c. fantasy d. intellectualization

a. overcompensation

What is the purpose of defence mechanisms according to Freudian theory? a. to constructively cope with stress b. to work through problems c. to enhance self-insight d. to deceive oneself

d. to deceive oneself

Which of the following is NOT constructive coping? a. reliance on the use of defence mechanisms b. making reasonably realistic appraisals of your coping resources c. confronting a problem directly d. inhibiting emotional reactions to stress

a. reliance on the use of defence mechanisms

Shannon has a big deadline coming up and is feeling a lot of pressure. She knows she has barely enough time to complete the project, so she asks her mother to watch her kids for the weekend in order to give her more peace and quiet in which to work. Which of the following does this example illustrate? a. overcompensation b. intellectualization c. constructive coping d. self-indulgent coping

c. constructive coping

According to Baumeister, the pressure to perform can elevate self-consciousness. How does self-consciousness lead to impaired performance? a. It causes us to perform too automatically. b. It creates an approach-avoidance conflict. c. It activates our autonomic nervous system. d. It diverts attention from the demands of the task.

d. It diverts attention from the demands of the task

Harry is an excellent basketball player who seldom misses a shot during practice. After yesterday’s practice, Harry’s coach told him that some scouts from a big college would be at today’s practice. What will happen to Harry as a consequence of the increase in pressure, based on the research by Baumeister? a. He will experience burnout, causing him to make a lot of mistakes. b. He will be more self-conscious and that will facilitate his performance. c. He will be more self-conscious and that will interfere with his performance. d. He will experience catharsis, causing him to play even better.

c. He will be more self-conscious and that will interfere with his performance.

Which of the following does NOT seem to be one of the effects of stress, according to studies that have examined effects of stress on decision making? a. It increases your tendency to jump to conclusions too quickly. b. It decreases your overall level of self-consciousness. c. It increases your tendency to be disorganized in reviewing available options. d. It decreases your ability to suppress competing thoughts and focus attention

b. It decreases your overall level of self-consciousness.

Mei is studying very hard for exams and feels quite stressed. She is finding it difficult to focus and pay attention. Which area of her brain is likely underactive as a consequence of stress? a. limbic system b. brain stem c. prefrontal cortex d. hypothalamus

c. prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about burnout? a. It is most apt to result from long-term or chronic stress. b. It usually develops in individuals with untreated post-traumatic stress disorder. c. It is typically the precursor to full-blown post-traumatic stress syndrome. d. It results mainly from a few highly traumatic events.

a. It is most apt to result from long-term or chronic stress.

Kelsey works as an emergency dispatcher. She thought the job would be exciting, but it has turned out to be more stressful than exciting. She works long hours and seldom receives any recognition. The only time people seem to notice what she does is when the emergency units are slow in responding. She has become disillusioned with her job, and she often calls in sick. What is Kelsey experiencing in this case? a. post-traumatic stress disorder b. amotivational syndrome c. general adaptation syndrome d. burnout

d. burnout

Wayne was a highly motivated teacher who really tried to make a difference in the lives of his students. However, the constant budget cutbacks and the long hours that he puts in have taken their toll. He has become disillusioned with teaching, and he often calls in sick. What is Wayne experiencing in this case? a. burnout b. general adaptation syndrome c. amotivational syndrome d. post-traumatic stress disorder

a. burnout

What is the term for disturbed behaviour that occurs after a major stressful event? a. burnout b. a psychosomatic condition c. hypochondriasis d. post-traumatic stress disorder

d. post-traumatic stress disorder

Jack was recently involved in a very serious car accident, in which he narrowly avoided being killed by an oncoming car. Which of the following disorders would Jack most likely develop symptoms of after recovering from the accident? a. schizophrenia b. post-traumatic stress disorder c. antisocial personality disorder d. depression

b. post-traumatic stress disorder

Stress often contributes to the onset of full-fledged psychological disorders. Which of the following disorders has NOT been linked to stress? a. schizophrenia b. antisocial personality disorder c. eating disorders d. depression

b. antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following is true about the frequency and effects of traumatic events? a. They are somewhat common, but because there is no psychological response to most traumas, it goes unreported. b. They are very rare, and healthy individuals will recover quickly from them. c. They are somewhat common and may lead to problems like insomnia or poor academic performance. d. They are relatively unusual, but always result in flashbacks

c. They are somewhat common and may lead to problems like insomnia or poor academic performance

Stein conducted an interview study of 1000 individuals in Winnipeg regarding their experiences with trauma. What did he find? a. A majority of men had experienced at least one highly traumatic event, typically a natural disaster. b. A minority of individuals had experienced at least one highly traumatic event. c. A majority of women had experienced at least one highly traumatic event, typically a robbery. d. A majority of individuals had experienced at least one highly traumatic event.

d. A majority of individuals had experienced at least one highly traumatic event.

Which of the following statements concerning the effects of stress is most accurate? a. Stress can promote personal growth and self-improvement. b. Compared to women, men are more vulnerable to the effects of chronic stress. c. People show positive stress reactions only when they have strong social support. d. The effects of stress are uniformly negative.

a. Stress can promote personal growth and self-improvement.

Prior to the 1970s, what did the term “psychosomatic disease” refer to? a. unconscious faking of physical illness b. misinterpretation of minor bodily changes as symptoms of serious illness c. genuine physical illness caused at least partly by psychological factors d. conscious faking of physical illness

c. genuine physical illness caused at least partly by psychological factors

Prior to the 1970s, what was the term used to describe physical ailments that were caused in part by psychological factors? a. neurotic conditions b. psychosomatic diseases c. hypochondriacal conditions d. anxiety disorders

b. psychosomatic diseases

Which of the following is NOT one of the classic psychosomatic illnesses? a. appendicitis b. migraine headaches c. ulcers d. hypertension

a. appendicitis

Lola saw her family doctor last week because she had experienced a number of asthma attacks in the preceding month. Her family doctor told Lola that her asthma was a psychosomatic disease. What did Lola’s doctor mean by that statement? a. Her asthma has an organic basis, but that it was caused in part by psychological factors. b. The attacks she was having were entirely self-induced. c. Her asthma will disappear if she is able to reduce her level of stress. d. The problem was all in her head, and she will need to see a psychologist, rather than a doctor, to receive effective treatment

a. Her asthma has an organic basis, but that it was caused in part by psychological factors.

What is the principle cause of coronary heart disease? a. atherosclerosis b. burnout c. diabetes d. perinatal damage

a. atherosclerosis

Which of the following statements about risk factors for atherosclerosis is least accurate? a. High blood pressure is one of the established risk factors for atherosclerosis. b. Having elevated cholesterol levels increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis. c. Atherosclerosis is more prevalent in women than in men. d. The risk for developing atherosclerosis increases with age.

c. Atherosclerosis is more prevalent in women than in men.

David is driven, ambitious, competitive, and his doctor says that he is at risk for having a heart attack. Which of the following terms describes David? a. external personality b. Type A personality c. Type B personality d. internal personality

b. Type A personality

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Type A individuals? a. They are easygoing and sociable. b. They feel there’s never enough time to get everything done. c. They are strongly achievement motivated. d. They are competitive.

a. They are easygoing and sociable.

Jim always comes to the office early, argues his position aggressively during meetings, and frequently feels frustrated when things don’t go his way. Which of the following describes Jim? a. Type II self-punishment pattern b. Type B personality c. Type I cardiac risk d. Type A personality

d. Type A personality

Kyle is extremely ambitious. He has been in his current job for 12 months, and he has told everyone that if he doesn’t get a promotion at his next evaluation he will move on. He is always in a hurry and impatient with coworkers who don’t have their work done on time. He spends long hours at work, coming in early and staying late. Which of the following best describes Kyle? a. antisocial personality disorder b. dependent personality disorder c. Type A personality d. Type B personality

c. Type A personality

Mickey is an impatient, highly competitive individual who is easily provoked into angry confrontations. He is suspicious and distrusting of most of the people he works with. What is Mickey at risk for, according to research conducted by Friedman and Rosenman? a. ulcers and stomach disorders b. asthma and other respiratory ailments c. high blood pressure and coronary heart disease d. a number of different types of cancer

c. high blood pressure and coronary heart disease

Christine is relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, and amicable. Which of the following would Christine be classified as having? a. internal locus of control b. external locus of control c. Type A personality d. Type B personality

d. Type B personality

Emily is easygoing and relaxed. She doesn’t tend to rush through her work, but she always gets things done. She’s very even-tempered and doesn’t anger very easily. Which of the following best describes Emily? a. Type B personality b. Type A personality c. constructive personality d. prosocial personality

a. Type B personality

Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion one can draw about Type A behaviour and the risk of coronary heart disease? a. The Type A person is six times more likely to suffer from coronary heart disease than the Type B person. b. The Type A person is more resistant to coronary heart disease than the Type B person. c. The relationship between the two seems more modest than originally thought, with Type A behaviour increasing coronary risk only for some. d. As it turns out, there is actually very little connection between stress and coronary heart disease

c. The relationship between the two seems more modest than originally thought, with Type A behaviour increasing coronary risk only for some.

Which component of Type A personality is most strongly linked to the risk of coronary heart disease? a. low self-esteem b. anger and hostility c. competitiveness d. impatience and time urgency

b. anger and hostility

What is the effect of brief periods of mental stress, based on laboratory experiments with cardiology patients? a. They have little, or no, impact on overall cardiac function. b. They can intensify chronic symptoms of heart disease, such as arteriosclerosis. c. They can trigger acute symptoms of heart disease, such as myocardial ischemia. d. They can trigger emotional responses such as depression and feelings of despair

c. They can trigger acute symptoms of heart disease, such as myocardial ischemia.

What percentage of patients with stable coronary disease will have cardiac symptoms elicited by mental stress? a. between 30 and 70 percent b. fewer than 2 percent c. over 90 percent d. approximately 20 percent

a. between 30 and 70 percent

Which of the following has been supported by recent research evidence from studies that investigated the link between depression and heart disease? a. The stress of living with heart disease may cause the onset of depression. b. Depression and heart disease are both caused by the negative effects of smoking. c. Depression and heart disease are not correlated with each other. d. The emotional dysfunction of depression may cause heart disease.

d. The emotional dysfunction of depression may cause heart disease.

What type of research design did the researchers use in the Featured Study that examined the relationship between depression and heart disease? a. longitudinal b. case study c. cross-sectional d. experimental

a. longitudinal

Which of the following relationships did the researchers find in the Featured Study that examined the relationship between depression and heart disease? a. Heart disease increases the risk of depression. b. Trauma increases the risk of both depression and heart disease. c. Depression increases the risk of cardiac mortality. d. Depression causes heart disease.

c. Depression increases the risk of cardiac mortality

Which of the following symptoms should be most disconcerting in a patient with pre-existing symptoms of heart disease, based on the results of the Featured Study that examined risk factors for death related to heart disease? a. hunger b. agitation c. insomnia d. depression

d. depression

In the Featured Study on the relationship between depression and heart disease, what evidence did the authors use to support their assertion that depression increases the risk of heart disease, rather than suggesting that it is heart disease that causes depression? a. Depression was a stronger predictor of mortality than was heart disease. b. In many cases, depression preceded development of heart disease. c. Depression was associated with greater mortality only among those without preexisting heart problems. d. Symptoms of depression were found only in people who did not have heart disease

b. In many cases, depression preceded development of heart disease.

Which of the following statements is supported by stress and health research? a. Stress effects influence only specific illnesses. b. Stress is very specific in its effects on health. c. Stress relates to physical illness only in predisposed individuals. d. Stress may relate to the incidence of physical illness in general

d. Stress may relate to the incidence of physical illness in general

What is the term for the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, and other foreign substances? a. body’s stress reaction b. disease coping response c. immune response d. general adaptation syndrome

c. immune response

What effects do stressors like crowding or restraint have on the immune systems of animals? a. They can lead to increased levels of immune system activity. b. They can activate the release of aggressive pheromones. c. They can reduce various aspects of immune system activity. d. They can increase levels of serotonin and dopamine

c. They can reduce various aspects of immune system activity.

What effect does stress appear to have on the human immune system? a. It can lead to decreased levels of immune activity. b. It decreases autonomic nervous system function. c. It can lead to increased levels of immune activity. d. It has very little effect on immune activity.

a. It can lead to decreased levels of immune activity.

A number of students often develop colds and other minor illnesses during final exam week. Why does this happen based on the research into the physical responses to stress? a. Stress raises the level of cholesterol in the students’ blood. b. Stress lowers the level of cortisol in the students’ blood. c. Stress reduces the level of immune system activity. d. Stress raises the level of neuropeptides and amino acids.

c. Stress reduces the level of immune system activity.

What is the term used to describe having someone to rely on, provide you with emotional support, and help you preserve your health? a. optimism b. locus of control c. social support d. therapy

c. social support

Which of the following has been demonstrated by studies on the effects of social support on immune functioning? a. Social support may improve stress reactions, but not physiological reactions. b. Social support leads individuals to perceive that they are less stressed than they really are, and they will underestimate the damage done to their immune systems. c. Strong negative correlations have been found between social support and immune functioning. d. Individuals with high levels of social support have higher levels of certain antibodies that are important for immune functioning

d. Individuals with high levels of social support have higher levels of certain antibodies that are important for immune functioning

Which of the following statements regarding the connection between social support and wellness is most accurate? a. Social support provides more benefits for the elderly. b. Social support typically has negative effects in the absence of stress. c. Social support is a buffer only for people with stress-related illnesses. d. Social support can serve as a buffer in times of high stress.

d. Social support can serve as a buffer in times of high stress.

Marcy exhibits effective problem-focused coping and seeks the help of others when necessary. Which of the following terms best describes Marcy? a. optimist b. pessimist c. Type A personality d. Type B personality

a. optimist

Which of the following coping strategies is more likely to be expressed by a pessimist? a. taking action b. denial c. persistence d. fantasy

b. denial

. Which of the following is a personality characteristic that is correlated with good physical health? a. extraversion b. conscientiousness c. agreeableness d. openness

b. conscientiousness

Which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of such chronic diseases as lung cancer, emphysema, and stroke? a. obesity b. poor nutrition c. lack of exercise d. smoking

d. smoking

Which of the following happens when people give up smoking? a. Their risk of pulmonary disease declines, but their risk of cardiovascular disease increases. b. Their health risks never decline to the level of those who never smoked. c. Their overall health risks decline reasonably quickly. d. Their risk of cardiovascular disease declines, but their risk of pulmonary disease increases.

c. Their overall health risks decline reasonably quickly

What are the approximate long-term success rates for those who quit smoking? a. 15 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent

b. 25 percent

What is the average amount of time that Canadian children spend in after-school physical activity? a. 14 minutes b. 45 minutes c. 1.4 hours d. 1 hour and 45 minutes

a. 14 minutes

Which of the following is NOT among the advantages of regular exercise? a. reduced cancer risk b. lowered physiological reactivity to stress c. reduced risk of bacterial infection d. enhanced cardiovascular fitness

c. reduced risk of bacterial infection

Len is worried about his heart and also about the effects of stress. Which of the following would you recommend for both of those concerns? a. regular exercise b. vitamin A supplements c. hypnosis d. low-carb diet

a. regular exercise

Which of the following healthy interventions promotes neurogenesis? a. low-fat diets b. regular exercise c. reducing alcohol consumption d. quitting smoking

b. regular exercise

Which one of the following is NOT an effect associated with recreational drug use? a. increased risk for cardiovascular disease b. increased risk for neurological disorders c. increased gastrointestinal problems d. increased risk for muscle atrophy

c. increased gastrointestinal problems

Prior to 1996–97, what was the average length of survival for people after the onset of AIDS? a. less than 6 months b. 18 to 24 months c. 36 to 48 months d. just over 60 months

b. 18 to 24 months

Which of the following is true of HIV transmission in heterosexual relationships? a. Male-to-female transmission of the virus is most prevalent. b. Neither partner is at risk for being infected by the virus. c. The virus will be transmitted only if one of the partners shows telltale signs of HIV infection. d. Female-to-male transmission of the virus is most prevalent

a. Male-to-female transmission of the virus is most prevalent.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding HIV and AIDS? a. Many highly sexually active heterosexuals underestimate their risk for HIV infection. b. Due to recent efforts to educate the public, misconceptions about AIDS have all but disappeared. c. Many people naïvely underestimate the risk of contracting the HIV virus through casual contact with infected individuals. d. Taking high doses of immunosuppressants can successfully treat HIV infections and prevent full-blown AIDS from developing

a. Many highly sexually active heterosexuals underestimate their risk for HIV infection

Contracting the AIDS virus involves exchange of infected body fluids. Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a means for reducing such risk? a. use of condoms b. abstinence c. reducing the number of partners d. anal intercourse

d. anal intercourse

. Sonja used to work out five days a week when she was in her late teens. In her twenties, she worked out three days a week. Now she is in her forties, and she seems to work out only when she has the time. Which of the following trends does Sonja’s pattern of behaviour illustrate? a. Many health-impairing habits creep up on us. b. People often underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours. c. The risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future. d. Many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite pleasant at the time.

a. Many health-impairing habits creep up on us.

Sylvester used to keep track of his calorie consumption and fat grams on a daily basis when he was in his early twenties. When he was in his thirties he still counted calories during the week, but he tended to pay less attention to what he ate on weekends. Now that he is in his forties, Sylvester no longer keeps track of the number of calories or fat grams in the foods that he eats. Which trend is illustrated by Sylvester’s pattern of behaviour? a. The risks associated with health-impairing behaviours are often overstated in the media. b. Men are more likely than women to develop health-impairing habits. c. Many health-impairing habits creep up on people. d. The risks associated with health-impairing behaviours tend to lie in the distant future

c. Many health-impairing habits creep up on people.

Martin knows that excessive exposure to the sun can increase a person’s risk of skin cancer and cataracts. However, he can’t resist getting out and enjoying a sunny day, and putting on sunblock seems to him to be a major inconvenience. Which trend does Martin’s current pattern of behaviour illustrate? a. The risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future. b. People tend to rationalize high-risk behaviours by pointing out healthy habits that offset their unhealthy habits. c. People often overestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours. d. Many health-impairing habits creep up on us.

a. The risks associated with health-impairing habits tend to lie in the distant future.

Luigi knows that research has determined that smoking increases the risk of various types of cancers, however he is sure he won’t develop cancer. What does Luigi’s pattern of behaviour illustrate? a. People often underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours. b. Many health-impairing habits creep up on us. c. People tend to rationalize high-risk behaviours by pointing out healthy habits that offset their unhealthy habits. d. People believe the risks associated with health-impairing habits are overstated by media sources

a. People often underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours.

Beryl has dated ten different men in the past two years, and with each of them she often had unprotected sex. Even though she has read numerous articles about the dangers of unprotected sexual intercourse, Beryl is not concerned because she has convinced herself that she won’t contract any diseases. What does Beryl’s behaviour illustrate? a. Many people underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours. b. Women are more likely than men to engage in health-impairing habits. c. The risks associated with many health-impairing behaviours tend to be overstated by the media. d. Many people compensate for health-impairing behaviours by engaging in offsetting low-risk behaviours

a. Many people underestimate the risks associated with their own health-impairing behaviours.

Steve has a headache and some muscle stiffness, but he shrugs these symptoms off as a minor inconvenience. Micah has a headache and some muscle stiffness and is so concerned he rushes himself to the urgent care centre of the local medical clinic. How would Steve likely score, relative to Micah, on tests of anxiety and neuroticism? a. higher in anxiety and neuroticism b. lower in anxiety and neuroticism c. lower in anxiety and higher in neuroticism d. higher in anxiety and lower in neuroticism

b. lower in anxiety and neuroticism

Why is it a problem that some individuals tend to delay medical assessment? a. It reduces the rapport between physicians and patients. b. It leads to backlogs in emergency rooms when people finally do seek consultation. c. It reduces the likelihood of early diagnosis and effective treatment. d. It leads to an increase in the use of homeopathic therapies that are dangerous

c. It reduces the likelihood of early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Which of the following is least likely to be a barrier to effective provider-patient communication? a. the health care provider’s use of technical terminology b. time constraints on the length of the provider-patient interaction c. patient evasiveness about real health concerns d. consulting a health care provider who is not the same sex as the patient

d. consulting a health care provider who is not the same sex as the patient

Natasha has typically found when she sees her doctor she doesn’t think of important questions until after she leaves, and she feels as if her doctor doesn’t understand her concerns. What should Natasha do in order to improve her communication with her doctor? a. Avoid being overly candid in replying to the doctor’s questions. b. Be more passive in her use of medical services. c. Prepare her questions in advance and not be embarrassed about getting clarification. d. Find another doctor who is the same age as Natasha

c. Prepare her questions in advance and not be embarrassed about getting clarification

Which of the following is NOT typically a reason for noncompliance with medical advice? a. having a negative attitude toward physicians b. the degree of difficulty associated with following advice or instructions c. failing to understand advice or instructions d. the cost of the medical treatment program

d. the cost of the medical treatment program

Which of the following is the most important reason to improve the communication skills of health care professionals? a. Patients often do not speak English, and this prevents them from seeking health care. b. Physicians with excellent communication skills are particularly proficient in the use of medical jargon. c. Patients who understand their instructions and feel that their doctors interact with them in a positive manner are more likely to comply with health care advice or instructions. d. The better the communication skills of the health care provider, the faster patients can be treated.

c. Patients who understand their instructions and feel that their doctors interact with them in a positive manner are more likely to comply with health care advice or instructions.

What is the approximate occurrence of noncompliance with medical advice? a. 5 to 10 percent b. 30 to 60 percent c. 65 to 75 percent d. 80 to 90 percent

b. 30 to 60 percen

Which of the following themes associated with your text is illustrated by the number of variables involved in the experience of stress? a. psychology in a sociohistorical context b. empiricism c. multifactorial causation d. subjectivity of experience

c. multifactorial causation

. Your text emphasizes that one’s physical health and illness is influenced by a complex array of psychological, biological, and social factors. Which of your text’s unifying themes does this reality illustrate? a. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. b. Psychology is theoretically diverse. c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.

c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes

Which of the following themes associated with your text does the fact that stress lies in the eye of the beholder illustrate? a. multifactorial causation b. empiricism c. psychology in a sociohistorical context d. subjectivity of experience

d. subjectivity of experience

Mary and John are teaming up to make an important sales presentation to 15 executives from a Fortune 500 company. Mary finds the challenge exhilarating, but John is a nervous wreck over the presentation. Which of your text’s unifying themes is illustrated by their differing reactions? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Psychology is theoretically diverse. c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. d. Our experience of the world is highly subjective

d. Our experience of the world is highly subjective

Which therapeutic technique focuses on altering a client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behaviour? a. self-monitoring therapy b. constructive coping therapy c. behavioural therapy d. rational-emotive therapy

d. rational-emotive therapy

You tell yourself that you will never be happy again now that your significant other has ended the relationship. What would Albert Ellis call this type of thinking? a. catharsis b. catastrophic thinking c. primary appraisal d. calamitous thinking

b. catastrophic thinking

What is involved in catastrophic thinking? a. exaggeration of the magnitude of one’s problems b. personality-disordered type of thinking c. focusing on major stressors and ignoring the impact of minor frustrations d. thinking associated with neuroticism

a. exaggeration of the magnitude of one’s problems

. Valerie is doing homework for her statistics class. When she checks the answer she has just calculated for the problem she has been working on, she finds it is incorrect. She is frustrated, and tells her roommate: “I don't know why I’m even trying, I’ll never catch on in this course. I should just give up now.” What would Albert Ellis say that Valerie is engaged in? a. defensive coping b. mental disengagement c. reality-based coping d. catastrophic thinking

d. catastrophic thinking

What is the key to making realistic appraisals of stress, according to Albert Ellis? a. disputing irrational assumptions b. focusing on what you should be doing c. ignoring your feelings d. avoiding examining your self-talk too closely

a. disputing irrational assumptions

Which of the following is true of finding humour in a stressful situation? a. It is an irrational reaction to a serious situation that requires a rational response. b. It is a counterproductive way of reducing stress. c. It can help to reduce stress by discharging pent-up emotions. d. It ignores the reality of the situation and makes it difficult to combat stress

c. It can help to reduce stress by discharging pent-up emotions.

What is the role of humour in times of stress? a. It is used as a defence mechanism by neurotics when dealing with stress. b. It typically follows catastrophic thinking. c. It is an example of counterproductive coping. d. It can relieve stress in most people.

d. It can relieve stress in most people.

Sherman’s house was almost completely destroyed by fire last week. As he walked through the charred remains with the insurance adjuster, Sherman joked and said, “It’s too bad that the only thing that wasn’t destroyed is that ugly painting that my brother-in-law gave me for my birthday.” How would researchers like McCrae characterize Sherman’s use of humour in this situation? a. It is an example of overcompensation and intellectualization. b. It will likely cause him to experience stress-rebound in the future. c. It can help to redefine the situation in a less threatening way. d. It will prevent post-traumatic stress disorder

c. It can help to redefine the situation in a less threatening way.

Which of the following has been linked to psychological inhibition of anger and other emotions? a. Type A personalities b. successful coping with stress-related events c. hardy personalities d. increase in health problems

d. increase in health problems

What have Pennebaker and his colleagues demonstrated about the acts of talking or writing about stressful experiences? a. Talking or writing about stress leads to a sense of well-being in the short term, but leads to rumination in the long term. b. Talking about stress events has beneficial effects, but writing about them has no impact. c. Talking or writing about traumatic events increases overall stress levels. d. Talking or writing about traumatic events can have beneficial effects.

d. Talking or writing about traumatic events can have beneficial effects.

Fiona was recently divorced from her husband after he had an extramarital affair. What should Fiona do in order to experience lower levels of anxiety and depression, based on research of hostility management? a. Remarry within 12 months of her divorce. b. Forgive her former husband. c. Openly confront her former husband about her feelings of betrayal. d. Avoid all further contact with her former husband

b. Forgive her former husband.

After Mike was cut off in traffic, he followed the person who cut him off and put a dent in her car. Which of the following will Mike likely experience after this action? a. rumination and negative emotions b. catharsis and emotional release c. reduction in residual feelings of hostility d. increased life satisfaction

a. rumination and negative emotions

What is the term used by Benson to describe what you will feel if you settle yourself comfortably in a distraction-free environment, focus your attention on a constant stimulus, and adopt a passive attitude? a. hypnotic trance b. relaxation response c. psychological disinhibition d. altered state of consciousness

b. relaxation response

Herbert Benson devised a simple procedure, called the relaxation response, which can have beneficial health effects. When should it be practised to experience the full benefits? a. on a daily basis b. when traditional medical treatments produce no improvement c. whenever a person has to deal with a major stressor d. for a minimum of 50 minutes a day, three days per week

a. on a daily basis

Which of the following was NOT cited in the text as a factor that promotes relaxation? a. being in a comfortable position b. focusing on a constant stimulus c. fantasizing about future accomplishments d. developing a passive attitude

c. fantasizing about future accomplishments

Which of the following is supported by evidence on the benefits of exercise for reduction of disease risk? a. Competitive sports are best, because the focus on winning leads to the most adaptive responses. b. High amounts of exercise will make you immune to stress. c. Maintaining an exercise regimen is important for young adults, but the benefits decline as we age. d. Moderate amounts of exercise reduce your overall risk of disease

d. Moderate amounts of exercise reduce your overall risk of disease

Mika is helping her grandmother choose a new apartment complex. There are two, in particular, that are at the top of her list. Whispering Pines has a weekly poker tournament, a low-impact aerobics class, and a dance every Friday night. Riverbend Hollow has a pottery class, a choir, and a book club. Which one would be best for reducing her stress levels and risk of disease, according to research by King, Taylor, and Haskell? a. Whispering Pines, because of all the exercise opportunities. b. Both are equally good, because they have social opportunities. c. Riverbend Hollow, because of all the artistic opportunities. d. Neither. Mika’s grandmother would be better off living with family

a. Whispering Pines, because of all the exercise opportunities.

Imagine that a researcher publishes the results from a study, and the results indicate that there is a statistically significant association between sleep deprivation and coronary disease. What does it mean to say that the results are statistically significant? a. Sleep deprivation causes coronary disease. b. The findings are not likely to be due to chance fluctuations. c. The effect of sleep deprivation on coronary disease is larger than the effect of any other factor. d. Coronary disease causes sleep deprivation

b. The findings are not likely to be due to chance fluctuations

In one study of sodium intake and cardiovascular disease, researchers found a statistically significant association between high sodium intake and the prevalence of hypertension among normal-weight subjects. The prevalence of hypertension in the group with the lowest sodium intake was 19.8 percent; the prevalence of hypertension in the group with the highest sodium intake was 20.5 percent. What do these data suggest? a. The finding has both practical and statistical significance, and should be reviewed in more detail. b. Even though the finding was statistically significant, it may not have much practical importance. c. Individuals with hypertension are prone to high sodium intake. d. One of the main causes of hypertension is a high intake of sodium.

b. Even though the finding was statistically significant, it may not have much practical importance.

A friend shows you an article in the newspaper that indicates a researcher found the prevalence of a specific health disorder increased by 70 percent in individuals who consumed calcium-enhanced milk products. After reading this article, your friend has decided to stop purchasing any products that contain calcium. What should you tell your friend, based on the information provided in the Critical Thinking application at the end of the chapter? a. She has made an excellent choice, because 70 percent is a statistically significant increase in risk. b. The reported increase may not be important if the base rate of the disorder is quite low. c. The reported increase probably excludes a number of factors, so the risk may actually be greater than 70 percent. d. It is necessary only to cut out milk products, but there is no need to cut out other products that might also contain calcium.

b. The reported increase may not be important if the base rate of the disorder is quite low

Pete is the lead prosecution attorney in a murder case. So far the case has not been going well for him, and the defence attorneys have presented effective rebuttals for most of the points he has raised. The judge adjourned the case for the weekend, and Pete will have to present his closing arguments first thing Monday morning. While he is trying to write his closing statement, he daydreams about a surprise eyewitness to the crime suddenly stepping forward and clinching the case for him. Which processes are illustrated by this example? a. He is experiencing conflict, and he is using undoing to deal with the anxiety the conflict has generated. b. He is experiencing frustration, and he is using fantasy to deal with the anxiety the frustration has generated. c. He is experiencing frustration, and he is using intellectualization to deal with the anxiety the frustration has generated. d. He is experiencing conflict, and he is using overcompensation to deal with the anxiety the conflict has generated

b. He is experiencing frustration, and he is using fantasy to deal with the anxiety the frustration has generated.

Janet’s husband just lost his high-paying job, and they are about to lose their house and savings. Janet refuses to acknowledge this obvious reality so she acts as if everything is just fine. Which processes are illustrated by this example? a. Janet deals with conflict by engaging in fantasy. b. Janet deals with burnout by engaging in overcompensation. c. Janet deals with pressure by engaging in reaction formation. d. Janet deals with frustration by engaging in denial

d. Janet deals with frustration by engaging in denial

Jim is on the brink of flunking out of school. Instead of increasing his studying, he spends his time daydreaming about how he’ll win the lottery so he won’t need a degree. Which processes are illustrated by this example? a. Jim is experiencing pressure and is engaging in vacillation. b. Jim is experiencing burnout and is engaging in overcompensation. c. Jim is experiencing frustration and is engaging in fantasy. d. Jim is experiencing conflict and is engaging in denial

c. Jim is experiencing frustration and is engaging in fantasy

Describe several recent occasions when you’ve experienced stress. For each case identify the type(s) of stress you experienced and whatever emotional, physiological, and/or behavioural responses to stress you made

Students should accurately classify their examples according to the major types (frustration, conflict, change, and pressure). In better answers, students will recognize that some of their examples contain elements of more than one type. Regarding responses to their examples of stress, patterns of responses described should be somewhat different for each example, and each response pattern should include elements from each of the response domains (emotional, physiological, and behavioural).

Describe Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, using an example of a situation that might be expected to lead to such a response. In addition, describe two constructive coping methods that would allow an individual in that situation to deal with the stressor.

Examples will vary among students, but important details include (1) the alarm phase, which is essentially a fight-or-flight response, very physiological; (2) the resistance phase when physiological changes stabilize as coping sets in and performance, or dealing with the stressor, may appear to be completely under control, and (3) the exhaustion phase, where the body’s resources are depleted and the individual cannot function properly or fight off illness. Constructive coping methods include (1) being action oriented, or confronting problems directly; (2) being relatively realistic about your stress and your options/resources rather than being unrealistically positive OR negative; (3) learning to recognize and sometimes inhibiting disruptive emotional responses to stress and (4) making efforts to ensure that your body is not vulnerable to the damaging effects of stress (healthy diet, get enough sleep, etc.)

Do you have any favourite or habitual techniques for coping with stress? Explain how your techniques are examples of the categories of coping from this chapter’s application (reappraisal, humour, emotional release, relaxation, lessening physiological vulnerability). Do you use any methods that don’t seem to fit into any of these categories?

Ideally students will provide an example from each, or several, of the coping categories, and their descriptions will reflect accurate understanding of the categories. Some examples should be identified as containing elements of more than one category. For example, a student might describe talking with a friend as a way of coping with stress. This method could be seen as a vehicle for emotional release, and it could also lead to reappraisal. Quite likely the mechanism of humour enters into this technique as well. In order to come up with a technique that doesn’t fit any of the categories, a student will probably need to be quite creative. Often when students claim that a particular technique doesn’t fit into one of the categories, it will be because they don’t thoroughly understand the categories

Many people believe that suicide represents the ultimate failure to cope with life’s stresses. Others feel that suicide is, itself, a coping response. What do you think? Is one type of stress more likely to lead to suicide than others?

Students should refer to the application on coping with stress and attempt to establish whether suicide fits the bill as an example of constructive coping. To most, the answer will be “obviously not.” So the best answers will be those that go further in a creative and insightful way to explore possible arguments for suicide as a coping response, and/or those that thoughtfully explore the notion that suicide is the ultimate failure to cope. Answers should demonstrate understanding of the four types of stress, and provide well-reasoned arguments for one or more types being more likely (or not) to lead to suicide.

Unit 7 chapter 13 Flashcards

(214 cards)