Unit 5 Non-mendelian Genetics Pt 1 Until Chi Square

Question 1

Why do many traits not follow the ratios predicted by mendels laws?

Answer 1

Question 2

What type of dominance did mendels experiments include?

Answer 2

Complete dominance

Question 3

What’s complete dominance

Answer 3

Homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals are
phenotypically the same.

(Ex: H=long hair, h=short hair
HH=long hair Hh=long hair)

Question 4

What’s incomplete dominance

Answer 4

Neither allele is fully dominant and none of the previous alleles will show.

(EX: red flowers crossed with white flowers will produce pink offspring)

Question 5

What codominance?

Answer 5

Two alleles that affect phenotype are both expressed

(EX: type AB blood: both A and B are expressed)

Question 6

What does Multiple alleles mean

Answer 6

Genes that exist in forms with more than two alleles

Question 7

What’s a sex linked gene

Answer 7

A gene located on either the X or the Y chromosome

Question 8

What’s a Y linked gene

Answer 8

Genes specifically found on the Y chromosome

Question 9

What’s a X linked gene

Answer 9

Genes specifically found on the X chromosome

Question 10

Fathers can pass x linked alleles to their ___ but not their ___

Answer 10

Daughters
Sons

Question 11

Mothers can pass x linked alleles to their ___

Answer 11

Daughters or sons

Question 12

What’s happens if an x link trait is due to a recessive allele? Why? What’s term for it?

Answer 12

Question 13

During development of females most of the X chromosomes in each cell become
____. The ___ cell of a female condenses into a ___ in order to ___ gene dosage in females

Answer 13

Inactive
Inactive
Barr body
Regulate

Question 14

What is the pedigree pattern of this and why?

Answer 14

Question 15

What is the pedigree pattern of this and why?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is the pedigree pattern of this and why?

Answer 16

Question 17

What’s epistasis and the phenotypic ratio for it

Answer 17

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus affects a gene at another locus

9:3:4

Question 18

What’s polygenic inheritance?

Answer 18

The effect of two or more genes acting on a single phenotype
(EX: height, human skin color)

Question 19

What is genetic recombination and what’s the parental types and recombinants

Answer 19

Question 20

An picture example of recombinant example

Answer 20

Question 21

What are linked genes?

Answer 21

Genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

Question 22

meiosis and random fertilization generate genetic variation in offspring due to ____

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the relationship between the proximity of linked genes on a chromosome and crossing over?

Answer 23

The closer two linked genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over.

Question 24

What happens to linked genes during meiosis?

Answer 24

Linked genes assort together during meiosis.

Question 25

What law do linked genes violate?

Answer 25

The law of independent assortment.

Question 26

Image of non recombinant chromosomes

Answer 26

Question 27

What happens to the probability of a crossing over event as two genes are further apart on the same chromosome?

Answer 27

The probability of a crossing over event increases ## Footnote This is due to the physical distance between the genes allowing for more opportunities for crossing over.

Question 28

What is the relationship between gene distance and recombination frequency?

Answer 28

The higher the distance between two genes, the higher the recombination frequency ## Footnote Recombination frequency is a measure of how often crossing over occurs between genes.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: The further apart two genes are on the same chromosome, the _______ the probability that a crossing over event will occur between them.

Answer 29

higher

Question 30

True or False: Closer genes on a chromosome have a higher recombination frequency.

Answer 30

False ## Footnote Closer genes are less likely to experience crossing over, resulting in a lower recombination frequency.

Question 31

What is a linkage map?

Answer 31

A genetic map that is based on recombination frequencies ## Footnote Linkage maps help in understanding the genetic distance between loci on a chromosome.

Question 32

What are map units in genetics?

Answer 32

The distance between genes ## Footnote Map units quantify the relative distances between genes based on recombination frequency.

Question 33

How is one map unit defined?

Answer 33

Equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency ## Footnote This definition is crucial for understanding genetic linkage and mapping.

Question 34

What does a 50% recombination frequency indicate?

Answer 34

That the genes are far apart on the same chromosome or on two different chromosomes ## Footnote A 50% recombination frequency suggests that the genes assort independently.

Question 35

What do linkage maps express?

Answer 35

The relative distances along chromosomes ## Footnote These distances help in predicting inheritance patterns.

Question 36

What does higher recombination frequency indicate?

Answer 36

A higher chance of crossing over between two alleles ## Footnote This indicates that the alleles are more likely to be separated during meiosis.

Question 37

How is recombination frequency related to gene distance?

Answer 37

It can be used as a measure of how far apart two genes are on a chromosome ## Footnote The greater the distance, the higher the likelihood of recombination.

Question 38

What does a 1% chance of recombination frequency represent?

Answer 38

1 map unit ## Footnote This unit is also known as a centimorgan (cM) in genetics.

Question 39

What type of DNA is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 39

Non-Nuclear DNA ## Footnote Non-nuclear DNA refers to genetic material located outside the nucleus, specifically in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 40

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts assorted during cell division?

Answer 40

Randomly assorted to gametes and daughter cells ## Footnote This random assortment means that the distribution of these organelles is not predetermined.

Question 41

In animals, how is mitochondrial DNA transmitted?

Answer 41

By the egg, NOT the sperm ## Footnote This means that only maternal lineage contributes to mitochondrial DNA inheritance.

Question 42

Is mitochondrial DNA inherited paternally or maternally?

Answer 42

Maternally inherited ## Footnote This indicates that all mitochondrial DNA in offspring comes from the mother.

Question 43

In plants , how is mitochondrial and chloroplasts DNA transmitted?

Answer 43

In the ovule NOT the pollen

Question 44

Both mitochondrial and chloroplast determine traits are ____ inherited

Answer 44

Maternally