Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP BIO > Unit 7 Quiz 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Quiz 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Visual representations of speciation events and hypothesized evolutionary relationships between species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are phylogenetic models generated?

A

Based on morphological and molecular similarities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are phylogenetic models static?

A

No, they are constantly revised as new evidence becomes available.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of phylogenetic models?

A
  • Cladograms
  • Phylogenetic Trees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s a cladogram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s a phylogenetic tree

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s a node? Why does it represent?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s a synapomorphy?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s a monophyletic group?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s an outgroup

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do all species branching from a node share?

A

A common ancestor.

This indicates that they have inherited traits from that ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do species descending from a common ancestor have?

A

The traits it had.

This suggests that traits are passed down through generations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the relationship between two species that branched apart more recently?

A

They are more closely related.

This implies a shorter evolutionary distance between them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do evolutionary trees illustrate?

A

Evolutionary relatedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of evolutionary trees?

A
  • Phylogenetic trees
  • Cladograms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do phylogenetic trees depict?

A

Ancestral relatedness with regard to length of time between speciation events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What evidence do phylograms use to show ancestral lineage?

A
  • Fossil evidence (when available)
  • Molecular evidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do cladograms depict?

A

Ancestral relationships without regard to time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do cladograms rely on to show ancestral lineages?

A

Shared, derived characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a shared, derived character?

A

An evolutionary novelty unique to a clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are shared derived traits?

A

New characteristics that appear in a group of organisms and are passed down to their descendants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is it called ‘shared’ derived traits?

A

‘Shared’ because more than one organism has it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is it called ‘derived’ in shared derived traits?

A

‘Derived’ because it’s different from what their ancestors had.

24
Q

Give an example of a shared derived trait of birds.

25
Do all modern birds have feathers?
Yes, all modern birds have feathers.
26
Did the dinosaur ancestors of birds have feathers?
No, their dinosaur ancestors did not have feathers.
27
What is a shared derived trait of mammals?
Mammary glands, which produce milk.
28
What is cladistics?
The grouping of organisms by common descent ## Footnote Cladistics focuses on the evolutionary relationships among species.
29
What is a clade?
An ancestral species and all of its descendants ## Footnote Clades are used in cladistics to represent evolutionary branches.
30
What defines a valid clade?
It is monophyletic, consisting of the ancestor and all of its descendants ## Footnote Monophyletic groups are crucial for accurate phylogenetic analysis.
31
What is the outgroup in a cladistic analysis?
The species least related to the others in the tree ## Footnote The outgroup serves as a reference point for comparing evolutionary traits.
32
What is the Rule of Maximum Parsimony?
A principle used to determine where characteristics were gained or lost in an evolutionary lineage.
33
What does the Rule of Maximum Parsimony state?
The explanation for an event should be made with the fewest possible assumptions.
34
What is another name for the Rule of Maximum Parsimony?
The simplest explanation for an event is usually correct.
35
What type of evidence is considered more significant than morphological evidence when determining evolutionary relationships?
Molecular evidence ## Footnote Molecular evidence provides a more precise understanding of evolutionary relationships.
36
Why is molecular evidence considered more accurate than morphological evidence?
Molecular evidence is less likely to be influenced by environmental factors or convergent evolution ## Footnote Morphological evidence can be affected by these factors, leading to potential inaccuracies.
37
What advantage does molecular evidence have in terms of data quantity?
There are thousands of genes and millions of base pairs available for analysis ## Footnote This extensive data allows for more precise comparisons between organisms.
38
What ability does molecular evidence have that morphological evidence lacks?
Molecular evidence can detect evolutionary changes not always visible in morphology ## Footnote This makes molecular evidence more reliable for identifying evolutionary relationships.
39
True or False: Morphological data is not valuable when studying fossils.
False ## Footnote Morphological data is particularly useful when molecular data is unavailable, such as in fossil studies.
40
Fill in the blank: Molecular evidence is more reliable since mutations are unlikely to occur from _______.
convergence ## Footnote This reduces the chances of misinterpretation in evolutionary relationships.
41
What is artificial selection?
The process by which humans modify other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits ## Footnote Artificial selection is a key concept in understanding how domesticated species have evolved through human intervention.
42
Who noted the concept of artificial selection?
Darwin ## Footnote Charles Darwin is known for his contributions to the theory of evolution and the concept of natural selection.
43
What role do humans play in artificial selection?
Humans select and breed individuals with desired traits ## Footnote This selection process can lead to significant changes in the traits of domesticated species over generations.
44
Fill in the blank: Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and _______ individuals with desired traits.
breeding ## Footnote Breeding involves mating selected individuals to enhance specific characteristics in the offspring.
45
What is convergent evolution?
Convergent evolution is the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related species. ## Footnote Convergent evolution highlights how different species can develop similar traits independently due to similar environmental pressures.
46
What does convergent evolution provide evidence of?
Convergent evolution is evidence of natural selection. ## Footnote Natural selection drives the adaptation of species to their environments, resulting in similar traits among unrelated species.
47
Does convergent evolution provide ancestral data?
No, convergent evolution does not provide ancestral data. ## Footnote This is because it involves unrelated species developing similar traits, which do not indicate a common ancestry.
48
What are analogous structures?
Analogous structures have functional similarity but structurally differ. ## Footnote Examples include the wings of bats and birds, which serve the same function but have different structural origins.
49
What are homologous structures?
Structures that share ancestry and have similar underlying anatomy, but may have similar or different functions. ## Footnote Example: Vertebrate limbs such as a human arm and a bat wing.
50
What is a key characteristic of homologous structures?
Shared ancestry. ## Footnote Homologous structures arise from a common evolutionary origin.
51
Give an example of homologous structures.
Human arm and bat wing. ## Footnote Both have similar bone structures but serve different functions.
52
What are analogous structures?
Structures that have different ancestry but similar functions and dissimilar anatomy. ## Footnote Example: Butterfly wing and bird wing.
53
What distinguishes analogous structures from homologous structures?
Different ancestry. ## Footnote Analogous structures evolve independently to serve similar functions.
54
Give an example of analogous structures.
Butterfly wing and bird wing. ## Footnote Both serve the function of flight but have different anatomical structures.
55
Which type of structure may have similar functions but different anatomical features?
Analogous structures. ## Footnote They evolve under similar environmental pressures but are not derived from a common ancestor.
56
True or False: Homologous structures always serve the same function.
False. ## Footnote Homologous structures can have similar or different functions.
57
True or False: Analogous structures arise from a shared evolutionary ancestor.
False. ## Footnote Analogous structures develop independently despite having similar functions.

AP BIO (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions