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biology 9hn > unit 5 test > Flashcards

unit 5 test Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Cycle of cell growth and division

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2
Q

What is cytokineses?

A

when the cell actually splits

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3
Q

what the two main parts of the cell cycle?

A

interphase and mitosis

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4
Q

what is the purpose of interphase?

A

grow, replicate dna, and prepare to divide.

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5
Q

what are the 3 parts of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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6
Q

what happens is G1 (interphase)?

A

cellular contents including chromosomes duplicate

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7
Q

what happens in S (interphase)?

A

each of the 45 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

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8
Q

what happens in G2 (interphase)?

A

the cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs

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9
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis?

A

growth, development, repair

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10
Q

where is mitosis in the cell cycle?

A

before cytokineses, and after G2 of interphase

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11
Q

how many cells are at the beginning of mitosis?

A

1

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12
Q

how many cells are there at the end of mitosis?

A

2

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13
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

all body cells except reproductive cells (gametes)

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14
Q

what type of cell does mitosis make?

A

somatic cells

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15
Q

what is chromatin?

A

stringy uncoiled dna

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16
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

coiled dna (packed up)

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17
Q

what is replicated chromosome?

A

chromosome with 2 identical sisters

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18
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

2 chromosomes that have the same type of info but the info is not identical

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19
Q

what does dna appear as in interphase?

A

chromatin

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20
Q

what are the 4 phases of mitosis (division of the nucleus)

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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21
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

chromatin condenses (smushes up) into chromosomes, spindle fiber forms (animals), nuclear membrane disappears

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22
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equator)

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23
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

sister chromatids split, move to opposite sides of the cell

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24
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

2 new nuclei form, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin

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25
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the cell membrane and cytoplasm divide creating 2 cells with identical dna (in nucleus)

*in plants the cell makes a cell plate and then new cell walls

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26
Q

what happens when cells leave the cell cycle?

A

apoptosis

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27
Q

what is a centriole?

A

where spindle fibers come from

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28
Q

what is a centromere?

A

the center of a chromosome (bringing everything together)

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29
Q

do cells in interphase always have a visible nucleus?

A

no

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30
Q

what does a replicated chromosome look like?

A

half of a “x”

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31
Q

what does a replicated chromosome look like?

A

a “x”

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32
Q

what is a sister chromatid?

A

either of the two identical chromatids that are formed by replication of a chromosome

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33
Q

in MITOSIS, what is the number of chromosomes in each cell?

A

diploid, meaning they have 2 copies of each chromosome

*humans have 46 (23 pairs)

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34
Q

how many cells does meiosis make?

A

4 non-identical reproductive cells

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35
Q

what is the male gamete?

A

sperm

36
Q

what is the female gamete?

A

ovum (egg)

37
Q

in MEIOSIS, what is the number of chromosomes in each cell?

A

haploid, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes

*humans have 23 chromosomes in a haploid cell (because they are reproductive cells so the cells meet and make a whole full set of 46)

38
Q

How of his/her DNA does a parent pass onto a child?

A

50%

39
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

“matching” chromosomes (1 mom, 1 dad), have the same gene type but different versions

40
Q

what are the 8 phases in meiosis (2 divisions)

A

1) prophase I - crossing over occurs
2) metaphase I
3) anaphase I - homologous chromosomes split
4) telophase I
5) prophase II
6) metaphase II
7) anaphase II - sister chromosomes split
4) telophase II

41
Q

how many cells are produced from meiosis, what type of cells are they (diploid/haploid, somatic/gamete)?

A

4
haploid
gamete

42
Q

what is fertilization?

A

the joining of a sperm and egg. the resulting fertilized egg is called a zygote?

43
Q

the zygote then develops by _____ into a multicellular organism

A

mitosis

44
Q

what is the definition/example of sexual reproduction?

A

fusion (joining) of gametes from 2 parents

45
Q

what is the definition/example of asexual reproduction?

A

one parent produces identical offspring

46
Q

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

1) increases genetic diversity (individuals are not identical to each other)
2) offspring are unique from parents
3) you can be “saved” from having a genetic disease if one parent has a “good” gene

47
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

1) allow faster reproduction/more efficient
2) do not have to search for mate
3) genetic information is identical to parent (offspring is a clone)

48
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

in mitosis when daughter cells form, the daughter chromosomes separate and the daughter nuclei are not genetically identical to parent cell. while in meiosis when daughter cells form, the daughter nuclei are genetically identical to parent cell

49
Q

what is the most common type of cancer for women?

A

breast cancer

50
Q

what is the most common type of cancer for men?

A

prostate cancer

51
Q

what does oncology mean?

A

the study of cancer

52
Q

what is tumor?

A

a swelling of a body part caused by an abnormal growth of cells.

53
Q

what is cancer?

A

a group of 100 disease where an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue

54
Q

how can you get cancer?

A

heredity: inherited from parents, runs in the family

acquired: actions during lifetime mutates your dna (ex. sun mutates skin cells leading to skin cancer, tobacco mutates mouth/lung cells leading to mouth/lung cancer)

55
Q

what are the progressions of cancer (hint: 4 steps)

A

1) genes that control cell cycle are mutated
2) cell cycle (especially interphase) happens too quickly
3) tumor
4) cancerous cells invade blood stream and spread to other parts of the body

56
Q

what are some main treatment options for cancer?

A

surgery: removes the area where cancer is (only works if the cancer has not spread yet)

chemotherapy: attacks cells that are dividing frequently (as cancer cells do) which is why other cells like hair are lost during cemo

57
Q

which two sex chromosomes do males have?

A

xy

58
Q

which two sex chromosomes do females have?

A

xx

59
Q

how many somatic cells do humans have?

A

46

60
Q

how many sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

2

61
Q

how many autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) do humans have?

A

44 (22 pairs)

62
Q

what happens in prophase I of meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad

crossing over: homologous chromosomes exchange genetic info, increasing genetic diversity

63
Q

what happens in metaphase I of meiosis?

A

tetards line up in the middle of the cell

64
Q

what happens in anaphase I of meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes seperate

65
Q

what happens in telophase I of meiosis?

A

first cell division of meiosis

66
Q

what happens in prophase II of meiosis?

A

starts with 2 haploid cells (half of original genetic material)

67
Q

what happens in metaphase II of meiosis?

A

chromosomes in both cells line up in the middle

68
Q

what happens in anaphase II of meiosis?

A

sister chromatids separate

69
Q

what happens in cytokinesis of meiosis?

A

results in 4 haploid daughter cells

69
Q

what happens in telophase II of meiosis?

A

new nuclei form (4 haploid cells)

70
Q

what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

A

prophase I

71
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

chart of chromosomes pairs

72
Q

what time are chromosomes photographed?

A

metaphase because chromosomes are organized in the middle of the cell

73
Q

what do sex chromosomes?

A

determine if individual is male or female

74
Q

which sex has homologous chromosome sex chromosomes?

A

females

75
Q

what are sex-linked traits?

A

traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes (x or y)

examples: red-green colorblindness, hemophilia (blood disease)

76
Q

what is the result of nondisjunction?

A

chromosomes don’t separate properly during meiosis which leads to chromosomal disorders

77
Q

during which 2 phases of meiosis are chromosomes separated?

A

anaphase I and anaphase II

78
Q

what is monosomy?

A

individual has one copy of chromosome instead of two. total of 45 chromosomes

79
Q

what is trisomy?

A

they have three copies of chromosomes instead of just two. total of 47 chromosomes.

80
Q

what happens with down syndrome or trisomy 21?

A

extra copy of chromosome 21

81
Q

what happens during turner syndrome?

A

inherit one x chromosome (X)

82
Q

what happens in metafemales (triple-x females)

A

inherit 3 x chromosomes (XXX)

83
Q

what happens in klinefelter syndrome?

A

males inherit extra x chromosome (XXY)

84
Q

what happens in “super-males”?

A

males inherit extra y chromosome (XYY)

biology 9hn (6 decks)

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