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Pysch 101 > Unit 6 - Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by the saying that “language evolves”

A

We re-define words to reflect how they are being used

ex: Literally

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2
Q

What are Pragmatics

A

Rules that govern the practicalities of language use
ex: gestures, intonation, turn-taking, closeness to conversation partner

*Change with different combinations of culture and language

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3
Q

What aside from speech, exists in spoken language?

A

-tone
-body language
-ect.

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4
Q

Is grammar learned implicitly or explicitly

A

Mostly Implicitly via exposure to the language

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5
Q

What is grammar?

A

Rules that govern how the parts of language combine to make meaning

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6
Q

What is syntax?

A

Grammatical rules that govern how sentences are formed

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7
Q

Do all English speakers use the same grammatical rules?

A

NO! We have over 100 dialects

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8
Q

What does it mean to be a flexible language?

A

It means you put more emphasis on word order

ex: In English
“Only I like chips” means something different from
“I only like chips”

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9
Q

Define the following parts of language:

-Phoneme
-Morpheme
-Words
-Phrases

A

Smallest unit that is an individual sound

Smallest unit with its own meaning

Combo of the above unit

Combo of the above unit

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10
Q

What is language?

A

Shared system of rules and symbols that are used for communication

*The rules govern how to use and combine the symbols

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11
Q

What are the two processing systems involved in dual processing?

A

The autonomic system

The controlled system

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12
Q

Explain the autonomic system

A

A fast, intuitive system that doesn’t use much mental effort or attention

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13
Q

Explain the controlled system

A

A slow but logical and deliberate process that uses lots of mental effort and attention

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14
Q

Are emotions really important for decision-making?

A

YES!
-Both intuition and emotions are important parts of the process

-A patient with no emotional responses struggles to make simple decisions, organize their time or make good choices

-We use a basic feeling of “good for me” or “bad for me” to guide our judgements of what will have a + or - effect on us

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15
Q

Why do marketing teams work hard to ensure their ads spark positive emotions?

A

Because our decisions can be manipulated by changing our emotions

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16
Q

What are the two theories for when we use the autonomic vs the controlled systems

A

Theory 1: Autonomic is used when we are overwhelmed, tired or short for time [we know that it is often used during these times]

Theory 2: Our brains always default to autonomic and we need to make the switch to controlled as needed

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17
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

A mental shortcut we use to make quick decisions without much effort

They seem intuitive but may sometimes be illogical or inaccurate

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18
Q

What is choice overload?

A

Where there are too many options to the point where it is impossible/hard/too time-consuming to make a rational decision and thus your decision-making ability is impaired

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19
Q

What are rational judgements?

A

When you come up with criteria for judging your options, rank each option based on this criteria and then rank how important each criteria is to you

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20
Q

What is bounded rationality?

A

Our rational decision-making is impaired by our available info, time and cognitive abilities

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21
Q

Explain the difference between a judgement and a decision

A

Judgement: A conclusion drawn from the evidence we have

Decision: A choice that affects our behaviour

Ex:
Judgement: Dark blue is an ugly colour, pink is a good colour on me, ect.

Decision: I will not wear a dark blue dress today, I will wear a pink shirt today, ect.

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22
Q

What do we use to make decisions?

What are these decisions guided by?

A

Judgements

Guided by:
-emotions
-intuition
-rational thinking

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23
Q

What is imagination inflation?

A

When we imaging the details of an event and this boosts our confidence that it actually happened (even though the event did infact not actually happen)

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24
Q

What does imagination inflation imply?

A

That eye witness testimony may not be accurate ex: weapon-focus

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25
What is motivated forgetting?
The idea that we consciously or unconsciously forget memories we do not want to remember. Likely a retrieval issue more so than an issue with the storage
26
What is encoding failure?
When you forget something bc it was never encoded in the first place -happens bc proper encoding needs effort and attention
27
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomena?
When you are super confident a memory is stored somewhere in your brain but you can't retrieve it -We an actually see that you still have neural traces of it in your mind which suggests that it is infact still there even if you never retrieve it
28
What is encoding specificity?
Memories are easier to retrieved in the same context that they were encoded in ex: You will do better on a test in the classroom you did lectures in than in a new room (like PAC >:p)
29
what kind of memory is the hippocampus responsible for?
Long-term episodic
30
What kind of memory is the basal ganglia and cerebellum responsible for?
Long-term procedural memory
31
How can someone with amnesia continue playing piano? Hint: Which kind of memory is affected by amnesia?
Only explicit memory is affected by amnesia *Sometimes only episodic memory
32
What are the two main types of long term memory?
Explicit (needs mental effort) and Implicit (no mental effort)
33
What are the types of Explicit Memory?
Episodic: A personal experience Semantic: Meaning/knowledge Not talked abt in class but the text also mentioned Prospective : Memory of what we need to do in the future [same basis in brain as episodic thus also DEC with age]
34
Which type of memory DEC with age?
Episodic
35
What memory is in lateral and anterior temporal lobes?
Semantic
36
What kind of memory is used in the statement "the DC library is always full of quiet students"
Episodic and semantic Multiple episodic memories created a semantic memory.
37
What are the 3 types of implicit memories?
Procedural: Skills you've practiced many times. Often maintained by amnesiacs Priming: INC in ability to process stimuli bc you have previously been exposed to it. *Mostly acts on sensory regions of the brain that aren't responsible for meaning Classical Conditioning: -The association of a neutral stimuli with another stimuli that produces a behaviour. -Must happen over MULTIPLE SESSIONS
38
What brain regions are essential to memory?
-Amygdala -Parts of the frontal lobe -Hippocampus
39
What is amnesia?
The loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma
40
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde: Can't remember things prior to the event but can build new memory Anterograde: Can't encode new info into long-term memory after the event but can retrieve old memories
41
What is the serial positioning effect?
People are more likely to remember the words at the start of a list (primacy effect - associated with long-term memory) and at the end (recency effect - associated with short term memory)
42
What can help you to actively encode information and retrieve things from long-term memory?
Chunking Add meaning by relating to prior knowledge Use Visuo-spatial system Speech repitition
43
What is essential to move things towards long-term memory?
Paying attention to them!! Actively working with the memory!!!
44
What is working memory?
An executive function thag lets hs Manipulating/organizing info in short-term memory Done by the control center (Central executive)
45
What is executive function?
Tools the central executive uses to solve problems and handle information Includes for ex: The ability to focus on tasks, filter out distractions and have cognitive control(goal-oriented behaviour)
46
What is post-categorial processing?
Processing info at the level of its category (when we give information meaning) ex: Sensory memory sees curly fur, big brown eyes, 4 legs and a tail short memory condenses info into: dog
47
What does the digit span task (asking ppl to memorize string of numbers in order) tell us about memory?
It is easier to memorize a string of numbers in numerical order than a random order because the later uses only short term memory but the former uses both short and long-term (bc it relates to prior knowledge)
48
What supports the idea that short and long term memory have diff storage mechanisms in the brain and may occur in different brain regions?
Behaviour dissociation Steve has bad short term memory but if given enough processing time, long-term memory is great Alex has bad long term memory but can hold things in short term for a little while
49
What is long-term memory?
Memory with no capacity or duration limits so long as it is well-maintained. If short-term memories don't make it here, they will be forgotten
50
What is short term memory
Select Sensory memories that have undergone further processing -Last less than a minute -Lost accuracy but still has more detail than long-term -Post-categorial and thus easier to process
51
What is sensory memory?
the raw data that entered the brain from your sensory organs very detailed but only exists for less than a second essential for encoding to occur Created all the time but will only become short term memories if they get enough attention
52
What does capacity mean in terms of memory?
Level of detail
53
What is rehersal?
Holding info in memory via mental repetition
54
What is source memory?
the ability to remeber the context knowledge was aquired in
55
What is source amnesia?
When we can't remeber when or how or where we learned a fact Very common. do YOU remember when you learned to tie your shoes???
56
What impairs encoding? Does this also impair retrieval?
Dividing attention between tasks NO!
57
Define the following terms: Memory Storage Encoding Retrieval
The storage of info for later access Maintained encoded info for later access Taking info from your feelings/thoughts/the world and making the storage-ready versions Bringing previously encoded info back to your mind (accessing storage). This re-encodes it into the brain.
58
Do memory suggestibility and the misinformation effect suggest that our memory sucks?
NO! they reflect our memory's dynamic ability to be updated with newly acquired info
59
What is the misinformation effect?
A DEC in accuracy of episodic memory due to info we get after the experience ex: stop and yield sign experiment
60
What 2 things combine to make memory?
Past experiences (knowledge) and current stimuli (context) ex: curtains vs diamond in a square experiment
61
What is memory suggetibility
the fact that other ppl's reports and or expectations can influence memory
62
Why do we make memories? Why don't we bother making them perfectly accurate?
To preserve meaning We don't want to devote too many ressources.

Pysch 101 (8 decks)

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