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Pysch 101 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What age is gender identity determined

A

~3

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2
Q

Once kids start to loosen their ideas on gender, what do girls tend to do? How is this different from what happens to boys?

What does this mean?

A

They start to counter feminine expectations and do not encounter much resistance. They may even gain popularity. Boys on the other hand, are more likely to experience rejection from there peers.

This means that kids as young as 6 must have an understanding of gender expectations and the fact that masculinity is more highly valued by femininity.

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3
Q

What is Gender Constancy?

A

The sense that gender identity is constant and thus won’t change based on a person’s behaviours.

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4
Q

How young can transness be expressed?

A

As young as 2

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5
Q

What is Gender Schema?

A

A mental representation of the concept of gender. It includes assumptions about how ppl of different genders should think, feel and act.

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6
Q

What is the gender schema for kids 3-5 like?

A

Relatively inflexible and binary (regardless if the kid is cis or trans)

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7
Q

What affects Gender Schema? define it.

A

Gender Socialization. The process by which ppl internalize social expectations and attitudes associated with their perceived gender

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8
Q

What are the sources of gender socialization?

A

The media, toys, words used to describe the children, colours attributed to the children, parental expectations, peers

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9
Q

How do parents specifically affect gender socialization of their children?

A

-Expect kids to do chores based on gender stereotypes
-Allow risks based on gender
-Estimate physical capabilities based on gender

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10
Q

When do kids develop their sense of self (pass the mirror test)

A

~18 months (culture-dependent)

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11
Q

What do you need to have a sense of gender?

A

A sense of self

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12
Q

What task does Piaget use to show if a kid has theory of mind?

A

The False-belief task

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13
Q

What test breaks Piaget’s theory that kids don’t develop theory of mind until they can pass the false belief task?
why does it do this?

A

The preference test shows that kids as young as 18 months have an idea of other ppl’s preferences even tho they don’t pass the false-belief task. This is bc they may know things that they cannot conciously report.

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14
Q

What is the generally accepted theory abt theory of mind development?

A

It develops over time and reaches full mastery (kids can explicitly understand and describe it) at around 5

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15
Q

What is theory of mind

A

An understanding that all ppl have minds that represent the world in different ways and that these representations can explain and predict how these ppl will behave.

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16
Q

What is Egocentrism?

A

Difficulty with thinking about how things are perceived by other ppl or how they affect other ppl.

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17
Q

Around what age do kids experience Egocentrism?

A

2-7 (Preoperational stage)

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18
Q

What demonstrates egocentrism?

A

Failure of the False-belief task

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19
Q

What is the conservation task

A

Task that asks kids to understand the law of conservation.
An example would be the task where kids are asked which of two differently shaped glasses has more water.

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20
Q

Why do kids in the concrete operational stage (7-12) pass Piaget’s conservation task?

A

They can understand 2 aspects of objects at the same time and/or have the ability to mentally move the water between the glasses.

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21
Q

What can’t kids in the concrete operational stage do?

A

Understand abstract concepts
Consider several outcomes depending on the initial conditions of a situation (hypothesize)

22
Q

Do adults ever use heuristics?

A

Yes

23
Q

Why are preoperational kids vulnerable to heuristics?

A

Their problem solving skills are bad. Thus, they tend to result to impulsive and automatic ways of thinking.

24
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

A loosely-defined and general rule that lets us quickly solve problems but is prone to a lot of error.

25
Q

What is conservation?

A

The idea that the physical properties of an object stay constant despite shape or form changes.

26
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

A part of the frontal lobe that controls higher thinking such as ‘where to put your attention’ and ‘how we should react to situations based on our previous experiences’

27
Q

What is social referencing?

A

When you rely on facial and vocal expression as a source of info on how to react to new situations. (This is very important as babies become mobile!!)

28
Q

Even though babies can’t form hypothesis or infer, how do they demonstrate that they can learn what behaviours predict other behaviours and infer the intent of other ppl’s behaviours?

A

At 6 months, they will stop crying when they hear a caregiver walk towards them
At 12 months they will fake cry to get attention

29
Q

What experiment suggests that babies pay more attention to the intent/goal of an action than the action itself?

A

Teddybear and ball experiment
-Habituate baby to grabbing bear on the left
-Move objects around
-Baby does not care when you grab to the bear again just because its on the right now
-Baby does care when you grab the ball because it is something new.

30
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 Cognitive Stages?

A

Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7-12)
Formal Operational (12+)

31
Q

Have Piaget’s cognitive stages been since expanded upon and refined with new evidence?

A

YES!

32
Q

What is the sensorimotor phase?

A

Baby wants as many sensory experiences as possible. They learn object permanence by the end as well as how to use their motor skills.

33
Q

What is the preoperational phase?

A

Egocentrism until they develop theory of mind
They still don’t understand conservation.
They start to engage in symbolic play and can manipulate symbols. (ex: writing).

34
Q

What is the concrete operational stage?

A

Finally develop understanding of conservation, reversibility and cause and effect.

Still can only think about concrete and tangible objects and experiences

35
Q

What is the formal operational stage?

A

Kids develop Abstract thinking and hypothetical thinking.

They have reasoning, they can deduce consequences and they can do problem-solving by systematically testing hypotheses.

Can have moral-thinking

36
Q

What are some criticism about Piaget’s stages? Why do we still use them?

A

Critisisms:
-too rigid bc we develop continously (although we do have some stage-like development like age we start to talk and walk)

Still used bc it gives us good benchmarks of development.

37
Q

What is are operations?

A

Forms of understanding that manipulate our schemas.
ex: Conservation, reversibility, spatial reasoning, hierarchical classification
They allow you to imagine how things might be different from the way that they are.

38
Q

What stage struggles with operations?

A

The pre-operational stage.

39
Q

How do we align our experiences with our current understanding of the world?

A

1) Assimilation: Use existing schema
2) Accommodation: Revise existing schema or make a new schema

40
Q

What are schemas?

A

“Concept-units” that we use to understand the world and interpret new information. ex: sitables.

We update them when we experience new things.

41
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Changes in mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating as we age

42
Q

What affects motor development?

A

Genetics and ability to practice (affected by culture)

43
Q

What is motor development?

A

Changes in our ability to coordinate and perform body movements

44
Q

What are the 2 main rules of body development?

A

Up to Down ex: head/neck support b4 balancing on feet
Inside-out ex: rolling over b4 sitting b4 hand manipulation

45
Q

Do all babies learn to crawl the same way?

A

NO!
-motor skills are essential for solving certain problems so babies develop their own unique strategies (motor skills) to solve these problems

46
Q

What are some pre-installed baby features?

A

Habituation
Novelty-Preference (learning technique - an INC response after seeing something new)
Attention to Faces (adults also have a preference for things that look like faces)
Audio Processing (starts in womb)
Tuning into social stimuli

47
Q

What is Habituation?

A

A DEC response to repeated stimulus.
Shows that infants might perceive and respond to environmental changes
Infants will dishabituate when they are shown something new.

48
Q

What are some pre-installed reflexes for babies

A

Rooting
Sucking
Grasping
Bonus: Swallowing

49
Q

What are the 2 central questions in developmental pyschology?

A

1) Qualitative vs Quantitative: What develops which way.
2) Nature and Nuture: How does each one mutally and independently shape development

50
Q

What is qualitative and quantitative development?

A

Qualitative: In stages
Quantitative: conitnous
Overall, development is quantitative but there are age ranges where certain skills universally develop (Qualitative)

51
Q

Is babies need to hear speech at a critical period reflective that speech is controlled by nature or nuture?

A

Nuture!

52
Q

What is developmental Psychology?

A

The study of what changes vs stays the same across different periods of life

Pysch 101 (8 decks)

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