Unit 8 - Social Psychology

Question 1

What is most people’s experience like with online dating?

Answer 1

Overall positive although many (mostly young women) report being harassed or sent explicit messages

Most say it has a neutral effect on their dating life and that relationships from it are just as successful as IRL

Question 2

How can online dating lead to unrealistic expectations?

Answer 2

Access to so many profiles leads to the heuristic of “more options = better matches” causing us to expect perfection

Question 3

How many adults have used online dating?

Answer 3

30%

Question 4

What are the two most common methods of finding a partner?

Answer 4

1) through friends
2) online dating

Question 5

What makes online dating successful?

Answer 5

Having a clear sense of what you are attracted to (most ppl don’t have this tho…)

Question 6

Who are online dating apps most helpful for?

Answer 6

Ppl who are socially anxious or who just moved to a new city

Question 7

Why might social media make you see your life in a negative light?

Answer 7

If you over-rely on it for socialization it may begin to replace more rewarding in-person interactions

Also, seeing ideal circumstances of others all the time

Question 8

What can the perception of having a broad social network lead to?

Does this still work if it is online?

Answer 8

Lower stress and higher well-being

Yes! Online spaces can provide a space space for self-disclosure

Question 9

What did Robert’s Case study show (from the textbook)

Answer 9

How quickly ppl form group identities and develop prejudice against an outgroup which can then lead to conflict

Also how group tasks can DEC prejudice!

Question 10

If actual contact between social groups is not feasible, what can help to DEC prejudice?

Answer 10

Imagining positive contact between the groups

Question 11

what is contact hypothesis

Answer 11

The proposal that prejudice can be reduce with
-santioned + (friendly and co-operative) interactions
-where members of diff. groups work together
-and where authority groups support the social change (Required!!)

Question 12

How does contact hypothesis work?

Answer 12

Encourgaes empathy and perspective-taking

Question 13

Who did the soccer study that showed the contact hypothesis in action?

Answer 13

S. Mousa

Question 14

What is prejudice?

Answer 14

An adverse opinion you have without just grounds or sufficient knowledge

Question 15

What 2 things can DEC prejudice?

Answer 15

Contact hypothesis

Shifting the social norm towards inclusion

Question 16

What is Stigmatizing

Answer 16

When you regard/describe something as being worthy of disgrace or great disaproval

Question 17

What do diversity training programs do?

Answer 17

Help to reduce stereotypes

Question 18

Why are stereotypes bad?

Answer 18

Because although they can sometimes capture meaningful average differences between groups they rarely describe every individual in a group

Question 19

What is kin selection?

Answer 19

The evolved tendency to help family thus ensuring that our genes get reproduced

Question 20

What is a stereotype?

Answer 20

A mental representation or schema we have about a group

Question 21

Why do we use stereotypes

Answer 21

they save energy (use autonomic system)

They are also learned early in life via the media and the ppl around us

Question 22

What is empathy?

Answer 22

The ability to mentally simulate another’s suffering

Question 23

How can we become more empathetic?

Answer 23

make it easier to simulate another’s suffering

Question 24

What makes you more likely to help someone?

Answer 24

Empathy

If helping them goes with your goals/motivations

Norm of reciprocity

Question 25

What makes empathy more difficult?

Answer 25

When a person is more different to you

Question 26

What is the norm of reciprocity

Answer 26

The automatic tendency to help someone who has helped us in the past or who we expect to help us in the future

Question 27

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 27

An innate tendency to do things that help others reach their goals even if they may hinder ours

Question 28

Why do we have prosocial behaviour?

Answer 28

We need to see ourselves positively
INC odds of genetic survival
Benefits society as a whole and societies that trust each other and cooperate are more successful
We hope they will do the same

Question 29

What is “Infant-Helping Bias”

Answer 29

Infants prefer helpful ppl and seem to dislike ppl that seem selfish

Question 30

What is “Individual Bias” (I made up this name)

Answer 30

It is easier for us to empathize with a single identified person in a crisis than a large group bc we struggle to process mass tragedy and feel unable to help with it

Question 31

What does science say abt agression and videogames/gun-exposure/violent media?

Answer 31

Can INC agressive feelings/thoughts/impulses in the short term but not forever and also not linked to criminal acts of violence

Question 32

What two varibles affect wether or not someone will become agressive?

Answer 32

Stable Traits (Personality) ex: quick to irritation

Specific Circumstances (Situation) ex: pressure to get to work on time

Question 33

What are the steps in the general aggression model?

Answer 33

Variables determine whether or not something is a trigger

Trigger leads to reaction (emotional/physical/cognitive)

Reaction leads to decision
(Impulsive or thoughtful)

Question 34

When is aggression typically triggered?

Answer 34

When we perceive a threat to our belonging or acceptance

Question 35

Is the aggression questionnaire reliable?

Answer 35

yes!

Question 36

What is aggression?

Answer 36

Behavior with the goal of harming another living being

Question 37

what are some examples of potential aggression triggers?

Answer 37

-personal insults
-feeling like your goals are annoying, frustrating or uncomfortable

Question 38

What are some individual determinants of aggression?

Answer 38

Gender, Cultural norms, upbringing, Personality traits

Question 39

What makes Milgram study participants less likely to obey

Answer 39

-If the victim is closer to them
-If the experimenter seems less authoritative (not in the room, not from well-known uni,ect.)
-If they see someone else not harm the learner

Question 40

How many ppl obeyed in the Milgram experiment?

Answer 40

60%

Question 41

How can authority be good?

Answer 41

Keeps us safe
Good leaders can bring awarenes to important causes or maximize collective good
Create respect for other ppl (ex: quieting down when told to shush)

Question 42

How can authority be bad?

Answer 42

Unquestioning obedience to leaders that fail to protect

Question 43

Give an example of a hierarchical system in our society

Answer 43

Your family
Your school
Your workplace

Question 44

What is the appeal to authority fallacy

Answer 44

We are more likly to believe authority figures even if they talk abt things they aren’t experts in

ex: I am going to eat beets while I am sick bc jennie from blackpink says it will cure me but she is a pop star and not a doctor (this is a made up pls example don’t sue me)

Question 45

what are two ways to gain influence as a leader?

Answer 45

1) show competence (earns respect)

2) Show dominance (inspires fear)

Question 46

How can collaboration be good?

Answer 46

In general tends to boost motivation

Question 47

What is social loafing?

Answer 47

When someone spends less effort during a collaboration
-less likely if the task is interesting/challenging or they are being held accountable for their work
-More likely if they feel like their contributions are unimportant or anonymous

Question 48

How would a personality psychologist vs social psychologist answer the question

“Why do we choke under pressure?”

Answer 48

Social: An audience causes this response in all ppl

Personality: Some ppl get more anxious about performance than others bc they have that trait

Question 49

What is social facilation

Answer 49

An enhancement of the dominant response when performing a task with an audience

Question 50

What is the dominant response?

Answer 50

The most likely behavioral outcome

-For something hard (like solving an organic chemistry problem) -> dominant response is failure

-For something easy (like making an icecream sundae) -> dominant response is to succeed

Question 51

What can make ppl act out of line with their beliefs or typical behaviour?

Answer 51

Deindividuation in larger groups

Defined social rules due to conformity

Question 52

Why did ppl say the wrong answer on purpose in the social conformity experiment?

Answer 52

They wanted to adapt to the social situation

Question 53

Between men and women, who are more likely to conform in a group of the same gender?

Answer 53

Women

Question 54

What is the biggest difference in the way parents treat children of different genders?

Answer 54

Encouragement to participate in specific activities

Question 55

Give an example of social conformity

Answer 55

-Clapping when other ppl clap
-Listening to kpop bc all your friends do
-Waiting in line
-Starting to eat vegetables bc your roomates all like vegatabless

Question 56

What is social conformity?

Answer 56

The implicity process of mimicking/internalizing/adadopting the behaviours and preferences of the ppl around us

Question 57

How can social conformity be good or bad?

Answer 57

Good: Lets us adapt to the social environment

Bad: Sometimes leads to undesirable actions ex: bullying

Question 58

What are social norms?

Answer 58

Patterns of behaviour/preferences/traditions that your culture approves

-they are understood but don’t need to be directly stated

Question 59

Why do we conform to social norms?

Answer 59

We need to belong and form trusting relationships with other people

Question 60

What is the difference between informational and Normative social influence?

Answer 60

Informative: When we conform bc we want to seem correct

Normative: When we conform bc we want approval

Question 61

what is the difference between social and personality psychology?

Answer 61

Social: How our behaviour changes with our environment

Personality: How our behavior stays the same across situations due to stable traits

Question 62

What are the core motivations of ppl?

Answer 62

-Perceiving ourselves and our groups positively
-Belonging and forming trusting relationships with others
-Understanding our world and feeling a sense of control over our actions and outcomes