Unit 6, Regions of the Vertebral column (Exam 2) Flashcards
(419 cards)
1
Q
what will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical IVF?
A
1) Post and Pre zygapophysis
2) Capsular ligament
3) Ligamentum Flavum
2
Q
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical IVF?
A
Inferior vertebral notch/incisure
3
Q
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical IVF?
A
Superior vertebral notch/incisure
4
Q
What is the unique anterior boundary of the IVF for the C4 spinal nerve?
A
1) Lateral groove of C3
2) Uncinate process of C4 forming the Joint of LUSHKA
5
Q
What vertebral segments of the cervical are considered atypical?
A
C1.
C2.
C7.
6
Q
What features are lacking at C1?
A
1) Vertebral body
2) Pedicles
3) Spinous process
4) Intervertebral disk
7
Q
What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
A
Anterior Arch
8
Q
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
A
Anterior tubercle
9
Q
What muscle attach anterior arch of C1?
A
Longus Colli
10
Q
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
A
1) Anterior longitudinal
2) Anterior atlanto-occipital
3) Anterior atlanto-axial
11
Q
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
A
Fovea dentis
12
Q
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch?
A
1) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis joint
2) Synovial Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
13
Q
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
Elliptical; closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces.
14
Q
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
BUM
Backward, Upward, Medial
15
Q
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
A
Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint.
16
Q
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facets of C1?
A
Asymmetrical, Slightly concave or flattened
17
Q
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C1?
A
BMD
Backward, Medial, Downward
18
Q
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
A
Synovial Plane….(Diarthrosis arthrodia) Joint
19
Q
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
A
Tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
20
Q
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
A
1) Levator Scapulae
2) Splenius Cervicis
3) Rectus capitis anterior
21
Q
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
A
Posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
22
Q
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
A
Male: about 50mm
Female: about 37mm
23
Q
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
A
1) Rectus Capitis posterior minor
2) Ligamentum Nuchae
24
Q
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
A
1) Groove/Sulcus for the vertebral artery
2) Arcuate rim
25
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
26
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
Accessory bone
27
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about 7 years old.
28
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
Complete/Incomplete Ponticulus Posticus
29
What other name may be used to identify a Ponticulus Posticus?
Kimmerle's anomaly
30
What names are given to the opening of the Ponticulus Posticus?
Arcuate foramen
| Retroarticular canal
31
Ponticulus Posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?
ALL ethnic populations studied thus far
32
What is the general range of incidence of Ponticulus Posticus in the populations studied?
1-41%
33
What is the gender bias now associated with Ponticulus Posticus?
Female
34
What is the incidence of a complete vs a incomplete Ponticulus Posticus?
incomplete: as high as 41%
Complete: 15 %
35
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
1) Costal element
2) Posterior tubercle
3) True transverse process
36
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
1) Rectus capitis (ANT. LATERALLIS)
2) Middle scalene
3) Levator Scapulae
4) Splenius Cervicis
5) Obliquus Capitis (SUP., INF.)
6) Intertransversarii
37
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal Dura?
1) Rectus Capitis posterior minor
2) Recuts Capitis posterior Major
3) Obliquus Capitis Inferior
38
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
Myodural bridges
39
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
Lateral mass
| Transverse process of atlas
40
What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?
Incomplete
| Complete
41
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
Retrotransverse foramen
42
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
1) vertebral artery
2) branch from the suboccipital N.
3) Veins communicating with the Venous sinuses of the neck
43
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
Ponticulus Posticus
44
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
Lateral bridges
45
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
1) Vertebral A.
2) Vertebral Venous Plexus
3) Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
46
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
Male: 78 mm
Female: 72mm
47
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
little over 30mm for both M and F
48
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
5
49
What is another name given to the axis vertebra?
Epistropheus
50
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
Dens/ Odontoid process
51
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
5
52
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
1) Facet for fovea dentis
2) groove for the transverse atlantal ligament
3) attachment sites for the alar ligaments
4) Attachment sites for the apical-dental ligament
53
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?
Lordotic dens
54
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?
Kyphotic dens
55
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
1) fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
2) Synovial Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
3) Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis Sellar)
4) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
56
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Membrana tectoria
57
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
Membrana Tectoria
58
What ligament forms the anterior bouindary for the spinal canal below C2?
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
59
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
On the Lamina-Pedicle junction
60
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
1) Ligamentum Flavum
2) Obliquus capitis inferior muscle
3) Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
61
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
Asymmetrical
| Slightly Convex
62
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facets of C2?
BUL
Backward, Upward, Lateral
63
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
FoLD
Forward, Lateral, Down
64
What muscle attaches to the articular process of C2?
Longissimus Cervicis
65
What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?
1) Vertebral A.
2) Vertebral venous plexus
3) Postganglionic sympathetic motor N. fibers
66
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
Males: 57mm
Females: 50mm
67
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C2?
1) Levator Scapulae
2) Middle scalene
3) Splenius Cervicis
4) Longissimus Cervicis
5) Intertansversarii
68
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
69
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
1) Rectus Capitis posterior Major
2) Obliquus Capitis inferior
3) Spinalis Cervicis
4) Semispinalis cervicis
5) Multifidis
6) Rotators
7) Interspinalis
70
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
1) Ligamentum Nuchae
| 2) Interspinous ligaments
71
What names may be given to C7?
Vertebra prominens
| Vertebral Prominence
72
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
Vertebral Prominence
73
What name is given to C7 only?
Vertebra Prominens
74
In what percent of men and women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
Male: 86 %
Female: 79 %
75
What is the segment and gender bias for the vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 more common in Females
| T1 more common in Males
76
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
8
77
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
1) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
2) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis
3) Modified synovial Saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
78
What muscle(s) attache(s) to the vertebral body of C7?
Longus Colli
79
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
1) Vertebral venous plexus
| 2) Postganglionic sympathetic motor N. fibers
80
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
1) Middle Scalene
2) Iliocostalis Thoracis
3) Longissimus cervicis
4) Semispinalis capitis
5) Rotators
6) Intertransversarii
7) Levator Costarum brevis
81
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
BUM
Backward, Upward, Medial
82
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
ForMeD
Forward, Medial, downward
83
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
1) Longissimus cervicis
2) Longissimus capitis
3) Semispinalis cervicis
4) Multifidis
84
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
1) Trapezius
2) Rhomboid minor
3) Serratus posterior superior
4) Splenius Capitis
5) Spinalis capitis, Cervicis
6) Semispinalis thoracis
7) Multifidis
8) rotators
9) Interspinalis
85
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
1) Ligamentum Nuchae
| 2) Interspinous Ligaments
86
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
Left Vertebral A.
87
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral A.?
Male: Larger
88
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
89
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
Ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
90
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery fist become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
91
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
Atlanto-axial interspace
92
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
Atlanto-occipital interspace
93
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
Both C1 and C2
94
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?
Increase length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations.
95
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
Vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine- medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery.
96
What forms the boundaries for the exit of C1 nerve form the spinal canal?
```
Occipital condyle
Superior articular process of C1
Capsular ligament
Arcuate rim
Groove for the vertebral artery
Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
```
97
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
Inferior articular process of C1
Superior articular process of C2
Capsular ligament
98
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
1) Rectus Capitis Posterior minor
2) Obliquus capitis superior
3) Obliquus capitis inferior
99
Which sub occipital muscles attach to C2?
1) Rectus capitis posterior major
| 2) Obliquus capitis inferior
100
Which erector spinae muscles attach to the cervical spine?
1) Iliocostalis Thoracis
2) Iliocostalis Cervicis
3) Longissimus Cervicis
4) Longissimus Capitis
5) Spinalis Cervicis
6) Spinalis Capitis
101
Which transversospinalis muscles attach to the cervical spine?
1) Semispinalis Cervicis
2) Semispinalis Capitis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotators
102
What joint classifications are present at C1?
1) Synovial (diarthrosis) Ellipsoidal
2) Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
3) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
4) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
103
What joint classifications are present at C2?
1) Synovial Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
2) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
3) Modified Synovial Saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
4) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
5) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis
104
What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?
1) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
2) Modified Synovial saddle ( diarthrosis sellar)
3) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
4) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis
105
What joint classifications are present at C7?
1) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
2) Modified Synovial Saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
3) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
4) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis
106
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
1) Inferior Articular Process of C1
2) Superior Articular Process of C2
3) Capsular ligament
4) Inferior Vertebral Notch of C1
5) Superior Vertebral Notch of C2
6) Posterior arch of C1
7) Lamina of C2
8) Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
107
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
1) Posterior arch of C1
2) Lamina of C2
3) Posterior atlanto-axial ligament
108
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
1) Vertebral bodies
2) Intervertebral disc
3) Posterior longitudinal Ligament
4) Uncinate process
5) Lateral groove
109
What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
1) Vertebral bodies of C7 and T1
2) Intervertebral disc
3) Posterior longitudinal ligament
4) Capsular ligament of the costocentral ligament
5) Superior costal facet of T1
6) Articular surface of the first rib
110
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
1) C1 is BMD
2) C2-C6 is FoLD
3) C7 is ForMeD
111
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebra?
1) C1 is BMD
2) C2-C6 is FoLD
3) C7 is ForMeD
112
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
```
C1= 5
C2= 8
C3-C6= 8
C7= 6
```
113
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
```
C1= none
C2= 10
C3-C6= 10
C7= 8
```
114
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
1) Vertebral body
2) Transverse process
3) Articular process
4) Spinous Process
115
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
Aortic Impression
116
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
Left Superior and Inferior Epiphyseal rim
117
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
Posterior height is GREATER than the Anterior height by 1-2 mm.
118
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
Vertebral body height differences
119
In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?
Posterior
120
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
Kyphotic Curve
121
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
4
122
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
2
123
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
Typically 10
14 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included
124
How many Costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
4
125
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
Superior costal demi-facet
126
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?
Costocentral joint or ribs
127
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
Rib surface is GREATER than the Costal demi-facet
128
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
Longus Colli
129
Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
lateral view
130
Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?
Inferior vertebral notch/Incisure
131
What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
Shingling
132
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
Transverse plane
| Vertebral transverse diameter
133
What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?
From T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
134
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
Transverse costal facet
135
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
136
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint ?
Transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib.
137
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
1) Superior costotransverse
2) Inferior costotransverse
3) Lateral costotransverse ligament
138
Which muscle may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
1) Longissimus thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
2) Semispinalis thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum Longus
7) Levator Costarum Brevis
139
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?
Superior articular process transverse diameter is GREATER than the Inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.
140
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?
Superior articular process transverse diameter is the SAME/EQUAL to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
141
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
Backward, Upward, and Lateral
BUL
142
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
Forward, downward, medial
ForMeD
143
How many synovial joints are present on a typical thoracic?
10
144
Identify the synovial joint surfaces present on a typical thoracic.
1) Two superior costal demi-facets
2) Two inferior costal demi-facets
3) Two Transverse costal facets
4) Two Superior articular facets
5) Two inferior articular facets
145
What is the name given to the overlap of the spinous processes in the thoracic region?
Imbrication
146
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracic vertebrae?
T5-T8
147
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
148
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?
Undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 45 degrees from the horizontal plane.
149
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?
Undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane.
150
What joint classification is associated with typical thoracic spinous process ligaments?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis joint
151
Which muscles attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
1) Layer --- Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi
2) Layer--- Rhomboid Major
3) Layer--- Serratus Posterior Superior
4) Layer--- Spinalis thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
5) Layer--- Semispinalis Thoracis, Multifidis, rotator Longus, Rotator Brevis
Interspinalis, Splenius Cervicis, Capitis
152
What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
Somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin.
153
What may the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?
Uncinate processes
154
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
Typically flat, Lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals.
155
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
four normally
156
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T1?
2
157
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body T1?
What if you include rib articulations?
Typically 4
If ribs are included as many as 8.
158
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
What if you include the rib ligaments?
Typically 10
If rib ligaments are included 14.
159
How many Costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
4
160
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the T1 vertebral body?
1) Right and Left superior costal facet
| 2) Right and Left inferior costal demi-facet
161
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the 8th cervical nerve?
Vertebral body--T1
Rib--1
Superior costal facet of T1 will join with articular surface of the head of Rib 1.
162
What ligament supports the Costocentral joint of the first rib?
Costocentral stellate/radiate Ligament
163
What ligaments support the Costocentral joint of the second rib?
1) Costocentral stellate/radiate ligament
| 2) Costocentral Interarticular or intra-articular ligament
164
Which muscles attach to the vertebral body of T1?
Longus Colli
165
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
1) Inferior costotransverse Ligament
| 2) Lateral costotransverse ligament
166
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
Superior costotransverse ligament
167
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T1 support?
The second rib costotransverse joint
168
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
1) Longissimus Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
2) Semispinalis Cervicis, Capitis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum Brevis
169
Which specific transversospinalis muscle is absent from T1?
Semispinalis Thoracis
170
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?
BUL
Backward, Upward, Lateral
171
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1>
ForMeD
Forward, Medial, Downward
172
What is the classification of the articular facet joint?
Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
173
How many synovial joints are present at T1?
10
174
Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?
C6, C7, T1
175
What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?
Males (9%) are more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence.
176
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
1) Trapezius
2) Rhomboid minor
3) Serratus Posterior Superior
4) Splenius Capitis
5) Spinalis Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
6) Semispinalis Thoracis
7) Multifidis
8) Rotator Longus, Brevis
9) Interspinalis
177
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
Kyphotic Curve
178
Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?
Inferior costal demi-facets
179
The Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments will attach to what features?
Head of the Rib
Vertebral bodies of the vertebral couple
Intervertebral disc
180
Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis Thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus
5) Rotator Brevis
6) Intertransversarii
7) Levator Costarum Longus, Brevis
181
Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?
T9
182
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?
1) Trapezius
2) Latissimus Dorsi
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus
5) Rotator Brevis
6) Interspinalis
183
Which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process?
Spinalis and Semispinalis
184
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body at T10?
2
185
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?
2
186
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
Typically 4 are identified.
As many as 8 if the Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included.
187
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?
Typically 8.
12 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included
188
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facet
189
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
190
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?
1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum longus, brevis
191
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?
Posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal.
192
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
193
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?
1) Trapezius
2) Latissimus dorsi
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Interspinalis
194
What name is given to T11?
Anticlinal vertebra
195
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
2
196
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?
2
197
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
Typically 8.
12 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included.
198
What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?
Transverse costal facet
199
Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?
T10
200
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?
1) Superior Costotransverse Ligament
2) Slightly developed inferior costotransverse Ligament
3) Lateral costotransverse ligament
201
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?
12th rib costotransverse joint
202
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis Thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum Brevis
203
Which Levator Costarum muscle is absent at T11?
Levator Costarum longus
204
Which segment is the last to demonstrate an attachment for the Levator Costarum longus?
T10
205
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?
BUL
Backward, Upward, and Lateral
206
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?
ForMeD
Forward, Medial, Downward
207
How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?
6
208
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?
1) Trapezius
2) Latissimus Dorsi
3) Serratus posterior inferior
4) Iliocostalis Lumborum
5) Spinalis thoracis
6) Multifidis
7) Rotator Longus, Brevis
8) Interspinalis
209
At which segments of the thoracic spine will the Spinalis muscle not attach?
T9, T10
210
Which erector spinae muscle uniquely attaches to the spinous process of T11?
Iliocostalis Lumborum
211
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
2
212
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
2
213
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
4 typically
6 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included.
214
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?
8 typically
10 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included
215
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
Psoas Major, Psoas Minor
216
What is present at the transverse process region of T12?
3 tubercles of variable size
217
Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?
Lateral tubercle
218
Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbar?
Superior tubercle
219
Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?
Inferior tubercle
220
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?
Superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1.
221
Which costotransverse ligaments are attached at T12?
None; capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment of T12.
222
What muscles attach to the transverse process region T12?
1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis Thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
223
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator Costarum brevis attachment?
T11
224
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator Costarum longus attachment?
T10
225
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
BUL
Backward, Upward, Lateral
226
Which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?
Iliocostalis lumborum
227
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T12 are not included in any muscle later of the true back?
Interspinalis
228
Which muscles attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?
1) Longus Coli
2) Psoas Major
3) Psoas Minor
229
Which thoracic is first to demonstrate an attachment at the transverse process for the semispinalis muscle groups?
T12
230
Name the thoracic that is first and last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator Costarum brevis.
T1, T11
231
What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
Reniform or kidney-shaped
232
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?
Vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a GREATER ANTERIOR height.
233
What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar vertebra?
Decrease in Height
| Increase in Circumference
234
What is the direction of the normal lumbar curve?
Anterior (Lordotic)
235
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral bodies of the Lumbar vertebrae?
None
236
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
6
237
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
4
238
What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints
| Fibrous (Amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
239
What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?
Psoas Major
| Psoas Minor
240
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12, L1
241
What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?
Transforaminal ligaments
242
What are the attachment sites of the superior Transforaminal ligament at the L1-L2 intervertebral foramen?
L1 vertebral body------ L1 inferior articular process
243
What are the attachment sites of the middle Transforaminal ligament at the L1-L2 IVF?
Intervertebral disc------ L1 inferior articular process
244
What are the attachment sites of the inferior Transforaminal ligament at the L1-L2 IVF?
L2 vertebral body------- L2 superior articular process
245
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
Corporotransverse ligaments
246
What Corporotransverse ligaments are identified?
Superior and Inferior Corporotransverse ligaments
247
What are the attachment sites of the superior Corporotransverse ligaments at the L1-L2 IVF?
L1 Vertebral body AND L1,L2 intervertebral disc
TO the Transverse process of L2
248
What are the attachment sites of the inferior Corporotransverse ligaments at the L1-L2 IVF?
L2 vertebral body AND L2,L3 intervertebral disc
TO transverse process of L2
249
What are the types of Hofmann Ligaments?
1) Anterior Hofmann Lig.
2) Posterior Hofmann Lig.
3) Lateral Hofmann Lig.
4) Proximal root sleeve Ligaments
250
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
Cervical--Upper Thoracic region
Lumbar Region
251
Cervical--Upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
Dura mater---Segments above
252
What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
253
What is the proposed function of the Cervical--Upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?
Resist caudal movement of the Dural Sac
| Resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
254
Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
Dura mater---Lower segmental levels
255
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
Resist cranial movement of the Dural sac during flexion.
256
What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament?
Resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen.
257
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
Overlap of the laminae, (Shingling) diminishes
| Overlap of spinous processes (imbrication) diminishes
258
What part of the central nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?
Conus medullaris is typically present in the vertebral foramen of L1
259
What part of the peripheral nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?
Cauda Equina is typically present in the vertebral foramina of L2-L4.
260
Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process?
Each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increases in length from L1-L3.
L4 begins to decrease in length.
261
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
Accessory process
262
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?
Styloid Process
263
A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?
7%
| Result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
264
What bony part of a cervical transverse process is lacking at the lumbar transverse process?
Costotransverse bar
265
What ligaments will attach to the lumbar accessory process?
Mammillo-accessory ligament
266
What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament?
Mammillary process and accessory process of the same segment.
267
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
Medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve.
268
What muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?
Longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
269
What ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?
Lumbocostal ligament
270
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
1) Psoas major
2) Quadratus Lumborum
3) Longissimus Thoracis
4) Rotator Bervis, Longus
5) Intertransversarii
271
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
Lumbocostal
Mammillo-accessory
Intertransverse ligaments
272
What are the posterior elements of the vertebrae?
Zygapophysis
| Lamina and Spinous Process
273
What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?
Vertebral body
| Pedicle
274
What is characteristic of the L1-L4 articular processes?
Transverse diameter between superior articular processes of an L1-L4 segment will be greater than the transverse diameter of the inferior articular processes of the same segment.
275
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet?
BUM
Backward, upward, Medial
Typically CONCAVE
276
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet?
FoLD
Forward, Lateral, Downward
Significantly Convex
277
What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?
Mammillary process
278
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
Zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane
279
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
Zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1-L4
| Zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4-S1
280
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?
Joint Asymmetry or Joint tropism
281
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or "Kissing Spines"
282
What is Basstrup's syndrome?
Elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging.
283
What muscle will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
1) Latissimus dorsi
2) Serratus Posterior inferior
3) Iliocostalis Lumborum
4) Longissimus Throacis
5) Spinalis thoracis
6) Multifidis
7) Rotator Longus, Brevis
8) Interspinalis
284
What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
Anterior height is GREATER than Posterior Height by several mm.
Looks like a wedge on Lateral X-ray view.
285
How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the fifth lumbar vertebral body?
0
286
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces present on the L5 vertebral body?
6
287
What characteristic of L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific for each group.
Cranial view--- lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.
288
How does the size of the vertebral foramen differ along the spine?
Cervicals----Greatest size
Lumbars---- second greatest
Thoracics--- Smallest
289
What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?
Straight lateral and is Shortest of all lumbar T.P.
290
What accounts for the shortness of the L5 transverse process?
Hip/innominate bones diminish the available space in the transverse plane.
291
What is the reported angulation and X-ray appearance of the fifth lumbar articular facets?
They lie in the vertical plane and are coronal.
292
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?
BUM
Backward, upward, medial
Typically concave
293
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?
FoLD
Forward, lateral, downward
Significant convexity
294
What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?
Multifidis and intertransversarii
295
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the L5 spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or Kissing Spines
296
What is knife clasp syndrome?
Congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain.
297
What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
1) Latissimus dorsi
2) Iliocostalis Lumborum
3) Longissimus thoracis
4) Multifidis
5) Rotator Longus, Rotator brevis
6) Interspinalis
298
How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5= four each
299
How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?
L1-L5= six each
300
What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
Psoas Major
301
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?
5
302
What is the origin of the sacral ala?
On base view, S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate form the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala.
303
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
Anterior 2/3.
304
What forms the median sacral crest?
Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
305
What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?
Latissimus Dorsi
Iliocostalis Lumborum
Longissimus thoracis
306
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
Fused articular processes and their facets
307
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
Mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5.
308
What does the sacral cornu represent?
Inferior articular process and facet of S5
309
What forms the lateral sacral crest?
Fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1-S5
310
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, Transverse tubercles of S3-S5
311
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
Accessory sacro-iliac joint.
312
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?
Inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle.
313
What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?
Multifidis
| Iliocostalis Lumborum
314
What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?
Iliacus
315
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
Auricular surface
316
What is the sacral promontory?
Bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1
317
What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve IVF?
1) Sacral Cornu
2) Coccygeal Cornu
3) Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig
4) Intervertebral disc
318
What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve IVF?
1) Vertebral body S5
2) Vertebral body Co1
3) Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
4) Intervertebral disc
319
What is the homolog for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
320
What is the homolog for the anterior longitudinal ligament at S5?
Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
321
What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
322
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
Union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments.
323
What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?
Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
324
What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?
Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
325
What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
Sacrospinous ligament
326
Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and thenb attaches to the ischial tubersosity?
Sacrotuberous ligament
327
Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?
Anterior sacro-iliac ligament.
328
What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar accessory process?
Longissimus thoracis
329
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the fifth thoracic vertebra?
```
Psoas Major
Quadratus Lumborum
Longissimus thoracis
Rotator brevis, Longus
Intertransversarii
```
330
What ligaments traditionally attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
Lumbosacral
Iliolumbar
Mammillo-accessory ligaments
331
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1 have superior articular facets that face in what direction?
BUM
Backward Upward Medial
332
Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerve
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
333
Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament
334
Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
Long posterior sacro-ilaic ligament
335
What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?
Sacral Cornu
336
What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?
Coccygeal cornu
337
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?
Intercornual ligament
338
What is the number of coccygeal somites?
10
339
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
340
When is ossification of coccyx completed?
about age 30
341
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
All segments are represented by a vertebral body; Co1 has a coccygeal corny and transverse process.
342
What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet and C01?
Coccygeal cornu
343
What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?
From caudal to cranial, The last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2.
344
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
Flexion--Extension
5-20 degrees
345
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus vs the adult?
Typically 5 pairs in the fetus
Typically 1 pair in the adult
346
What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?
S4,S5, Co1 nerves
347
What is the ganglion impar?
a midline sympathetic ganglion
348
What is the location of the ganglion impar?
Anywhere from the sacrococcygeal joint to upper third of coccyx.
349
What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
An enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near last coccyx segment.
350
What innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic fibers.
351
What muscles attach to the coccyx?
ischiococcygeal
Levator ani
352
What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve IVF?
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
| Intercornual ligament
353
What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve IVF?
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Intervertebral disc
354
What is the superior articular facet orientation of C1?
BUM- concave
355
What is the inferior articular facet orientation of C1?
BMD
356
What is the superior articular facet orientation of C2?
BUL
357
What is the inferior articular facet of orientation of C2?
FLD
358
What is the superior articular facet orientation of C3-C6?
BUM
359
What is the inferior articular facet orientation of C3-C6?
FLD
360
What is the superior articular facet orientation of C7?
BUM
361
What is the inferior articular facet orientation of C7?
FMD
362
What is the superior articular facet orientation of T1-T11?
BUL
363
Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as "convex"?
T12, L1-L5 inferior articular facets
364
Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as "concave"?
C1, L1-L5, S1 superior articular facets
365
What is the definition of spondylosis?
A vertebral condition
366
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
A vertebral separation/cleavage
367
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
A vertebral slippage.
368
What is the current limited definition of spondylosis?
A vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related.
369
What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?
1) Congenital
2) Acquired during development
3) result of Aging
4) Trauma
370
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in spinal II?
Separation along the PARS Interarticularis. (defect in PI or pars defect)
371
What specific parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?
Vertebral body, pedicle, and articular process from the other articular process, lamina, spinous process
372
What is the incidence of spondylolysis I the general population?
2.6%-10%
373
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?
52.6%
374
What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
Native Alaskan (Inuit) People
375
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
Rare
Gender biased to MEN, Commonly at C6
Linked to spondylolisthesis and Spina Bifida
376
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
1) Fetuses
2) Newborns
3) Rarely in children under 5 years old
4) Patients who have never walked
5) Non-erect species
377
Lumbar spondylolysis only been reported in what types of species?
Species that walk erect; Humans
378
Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?
1) Familial association
2) Spina Bifida occulta
3) Racial/Ethic disparities
4) Gender and Location bias
5) Youthful incidences
6) Activities with repetitive stress on spine
379
What is the gender bias and location bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
Men---L5/S1
| Women----L4/L5
380
What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
10-20 years olds
381
What activities are particularly stressful at the pars Interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?
Gymnastics, Dance, Soccer
382
What motion(s) is particularly associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
Hyperextension coupled with Rotation
383
What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
Fibrocartilagenous material
384
What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
Spondylolysis ligament
385
What types of neural function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?
1) Nociception
2) Neuromodulation
3) Autonomic function
386
What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a Scotty Dog
387
What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
Collared Scotty Dog
388
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
Collared Scotty dog
389
In an oblique x-ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars Interarticularis is associated with what part of the scotty dog?
Neck of the Scotty Dog
390
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?
Pedicle
391
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a scotty dog?
Superior articular facet
392
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a scotty dog?
Transverse process
393
What is the incidence of sacral spondylolysis in the general population?
It's Rare
394
What ethnic group is associated with a high incidence of sacral spondylolysis?
Native Alaskan population
395
Is sacral spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age -related conditions?
Seems to be Acquired.
396
What activities are associated with sacral spondylolysis?
Kayaking, Harpooning
397
What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?
Male, Native Alaskan, S1
398
What is the direction of spondylolisthesis?
Anterior or Forward displacement
399
What is the posterior direction of vertebral slippage called?
Retrospondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis
400
What are the types/classifications of spondylolisthesis?
```
Type 1--- Dysplastic spondylolisthesis, Congenital Spondylolisthesis.
Type 2--- Isthmic spondylolisthesis
Type 3--- Degenerative spondylolisthesis
Type 4---Traumatic spondylolisthesis
Type 5--- Pathologic Spondylolisthesis
```
401
Identify all names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis?
Congenital or Dysplastic spondylolisthesis
402
What is the locational bias of Type 1 spondylolisthesis?
L5 or upper sacral segments
403
What is the location of the defect associated with type 1 spondylolisthesis?
Frequ. the vertebral arch.
404
What additional conditions are linked to type 1 spondylolisthesis?
1) Spina bifida occulta
| 2) Nerve root compression of the S1 nerve
405
Identify all names given to Type II spondylolisthesis?
Isthmic Spondylolisthesis
406
Which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in spinal II?
Lytic spondylolisthesis or Stress fracture induced spondylolisthesis
407
what is the cause most frequently given for type II spondylolisthesis?
microfractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyperflexion and rotation
408
What is the age group typically associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
Teenage or young adults
409
Will spondylolysis always result in type II spondylolisthesis?
No, not in unilateral spondylolysis.
410
What spinal canal dimensions are associated with the Type II spondylolisthesis?
Isthmic demonstrates an increase in Sagittal diameter of spinal canal.
411
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with Type II spondylolisthesis?
Isthmic is common in MEN @ L5/S1 level.
412
What conditions are often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
1) Osteoarthritis
2) Intervertebral disc degeneration
3) Ligament laxity
4) Articulate facet remodeling
413
What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
Women >, @ L4/L5
| No change in sagittal diameter of spinal canal
414
Identify all names given to type IV spondylolisthesis?
Traumatic spondylolisthesis
415
What causes type IV spondylolisthesis?
Fracture of Neural Arch components
416
Is there a gender, locational, or age bias associated with type IV spondylolisthesis?
No
417
Identify all names given to Type V spondylolisthesis?
Pathologic spondylolisthesis
418
What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis?
1) Bone diseases-----Paget disease or Osteogenesis imperfecta
419
What is the result of type V spondylolisthesis?
Bone of neural arch is lengthened thus listhesis occurs.
