Units 1 Osteology, 2 Skeleton

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

Epithelial, neural, muscle, and connective tissue.

Question 2

Name the 3 primary cells types of bone and their function.

Answer 2

Osteoclast— Remodel bone,
Osteoblast—- Form bone.
Osteocyte—- Maintain or nurture bone.

Question 3

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 3

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Question 4

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 4

Collagen type 1.

Question 5

What are the types of GAG found in bone?

Answer 5

Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratin Sulfate, and Hyaluronic acid.

Question 6

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 6

Hydroxyapatite

Question 7

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 7

Sodium, Magnesium, Fluoride, Lead, Strontium and Radium.

Question 8

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 8

Ability to heal.
Can remodel under stressors like anxiety, tension, and pressure.
Ages.

Question 9

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

Answer 9

Mesenchyme and/or Cartilage.

Question 10

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 10

Intramembranous ossification.

Question 11

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 11

in utero 2-3 months

Question 12

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 12

Endochondral ossification

Question 13

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 13

in utero 2-5 months.

Question 14

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 14

Mandible
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital

Question 15

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 15

Clavicle

Question 16

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 16

Primary Ossification: Appears BEFORE birth.

Secondary Ossification: Appears AFTER birth.

Question 17

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 17

Cortical or Compact bone and Spongy, Cancellous or Trabecular bone.

Question 18

What is the name of the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 18

Subchondral bone

Question 19

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 19

Periosteum.

Question 20

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 20

Endosteum.

Question 21

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 21

Sexual Dimorphism
Ontogenetic Variation
Geographic or population based variation.
Idiosyncratic Variation.

Question 22

What is the more vague terms for the primary sources of variation of bone?

Answer 22

Gender Variation.
Growth or age Variation.
Ethnic Variation.
Individual Variation.

Question 23

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 23

Sexual Dimorphism

Question 24

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 24

Ontogenetic Variation

Question 25

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as what?

Answer 25

Geographic or Population based Variation

Question 26

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals as identified as which type of variation?

Answer 26

Idiosyncratic Variation.

Question 27

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 27

Long bones, Short Bones, Sesamoid Bones

Question 28

Name the six classifications of bone commonly used.

Answer 28

``` Long Bone, Short Bone, Flat Bone, Irregular Bone. Paranasal sinus, Pneumatic Bones and Sesamoid bones ```

Question 29

What are examples of short bones?

Answer 29

Most of the Carpus and tarsus.

Question 30

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

Answer 30

It develops within a Tendon.

Question 31

What is an example of a sesamoid bone besides the patella?

Answer 31

Pisiform.

Question 32

Which classifications of bone are characteristics of the axial skeleton?

Answer 32

Irregular bones Flat bones Paranasal sinus or Pneumatic bones

Question 33

Give 5 examples of bones that exhibit air spaces within the bone?

Answer 33

``` Frontal Ethmoid Maxilla Sphenoid Temporal ```

Question 34

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

Answer 34

Accessory Bone | Heterotopic Bone

Question 35

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

Answer 35

Accessory bone

Question 36

What are examples of accessory bone?

Answer 36

Para-articular processes of Vertebrae | Bony spurs of Vertebrae

Question 37

What is the name given to bone that form within a non-bone location?

Answer 37

Heterotopic bone

Question 38

What are examples of heterotopic bones?

Answer 38

Calcification deposits in the pineal gland, Heart, and Ligaments.

Question 39

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

Answer 39

Elevation Depression Tunnels or Passageways Facets

Question 40

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

Answer 40

During and After Puberty.

Question 41

What are the type of osseous elevations?

Answer 41

Linear Rounded Sharp

Question 42

What are the types of Linear osseous elevations?

Answer 42

Line Ridge Crest

Question 43

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

Answer 43

``` Tubercle, Tuberosity or Tuber, Trochanter, Malleolus, Protuberance ```

Question 44

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

Answer 44

Spine | Process

Question 45

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

Answer 45

Linear depressions | Rounded depressions

Question 46

What are the types/categories of linear osseous depressions?

Answer 46

Notch or Incisure, Groove, Sulcus

Question 47

What are the types/categories of rounded osseous depressions?

Answer 47

Fovea | Fossa

Question 48

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

Answer 48

Hiatus | Ostium or Orifice

Question 49

What is the difference between osseous ostium and hiatus?

Answer 49

Ostium--a round/oval opening on the surface of the bone. Hiatus--An irregular opening on the surface of bone.

Question 50

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate the bone?

Answer 50

Foramen | Canal

Question 51

What is the name given to an ostium that does not completely penetrate through a region of bone and appears as a blind-ended passageway?

Answer 51

Meatus

Question 52

What are the categories of osseous facets?

Answer 52

Flat facets | Rounded facets

Question 53

What are the types/categories of rounded osseous facets?

Answer 53

Articular Heads | Articular Condyles

Question 54

T/F The typical human body has a total of 208 bones.

Answer 54

False---- 206

Question 55

What is the difference in the amount of bones between the appendicular and axial skeleton?

Answer 55

Answer = 46 ``` Appendicular = 126 Axial = 80 126 - 80 = 46 ```

Question 56

What bones form the axial skeleton?

Answer 56

``` Skull Hyoid Vertebral Column Sternum Ribs ```

Question 57

What is the total number of bones forming the typical skull with the hyoid bone included?

Answer 57

Answer= 29 Typical skull= 28 + 1 (Hyoid) = 29

Question 58

Some texts consider the auditory ossicles under special senses, in that case what is the total number of bones that make up the skull?

Answer 58

22

Question 59

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible.

Answer 59

Cranium

Question 60

What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

Answer 60

Calvaria or Calva

Question 61

What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?

Answer 61

Neurocranium Facial Skeleton (Splanchnocranium or Visceral Cranium) Auditory Ossicles

Question 62

What does the neurocranium do and how many bones compose it?

Answer 62

Protect and Supports the brain | 8 bones

Question 63

What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?

Answer 63

``` Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid ```

Question 64

What does the facial skeleton do and how many bones compose it?

Answer 64

Support the face or front of the head | 14

Question 65

What bones form the facial skeleton? (9)

Answer 65

Mandible, Vomer, Nasal, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Palatine, Zygomatic

Question 66

By strictly definition, what is the splanchnocranium?

Answer 66

The bones that support the face minus the mandible.

Question 67

What bones form the splanchnocranium?

Answer 67

Vomer, Nasal, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Palatine, Zygomatic

Question 68

What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?

Answer 68

``` Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 1 Coccyx: 1 ```

Question 69

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

Answer 69

The spine

Question 70

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?

Answer 70

24 bones.

Question 71

What is the definition of "spine" as it pertains to the vertebral column?

Answer 71

Presacral region of the vertebral or spinal column.

Question 72

T/F The sternum is considered 1 bone.

Answer 72

True, 3 different parts though.

Question 73

What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?

Answer 73

Manubrium sterni, Corpus sterni, Xiphoid process

Question 74

How many pairs of ribs does the typical adult have?

Answer 74

12 pairs. | 24 total ribs.