Unit 6 Test Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Spanish-American War
A
April-August 1898 U.S and Spain fight over Spain’s colonial possessions. The Philippines and Cuba (Spain’s colonies) were considered a war on 2 fronts.
–> U.S emerges as an imperial and world power
2
Q
U.S.S Maine
A
Destroyed accidentally however yellow press blamed Spain and demanded intervention
3
Q
Yellow Journalism
A
newspapers that exaggerate news
4
Q
Platt Amendment (vs. Teller)
A
Platt authorized U.S to militarily intervene whenever they saw fit and a permanent naval station leases for more economic reasons than democratic.
Teller created by Senator Henry teller has the purpose to aid Cubans in independence fight against Spain but they did NOT annex them/dominate them.
5
Q
Guantanamo Bay
A
U.S. troops land in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, camps at Guantanamo Bay.
1903 POTUS Theodore Roosevelt signs a deal with the new government of Cuba to lease 45 square miles at the mouth of Guantanamo Bay
6
Q
Filipino-American War
A
between the U.S. and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902. Began after the U.S. assumed sovereignty of the Philippines following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War.
–> U.S wanted to Christianize + Civilize through investing in infrastructure
7
Q
Insular Cases
A
1901-1904 Supreme Court decided that the Constitution did not fully apply to territories meaning this limited American freedom by taxing and governing without territory’s consent
8
Q
Open Door Policy
A
a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China (somewhat influenced by Europe)
9
Q
U.S. Imperialism (list acquisitions)
A
from colonies in Puerto Rico and the Philippines to protectorates in Cuba, Panama, and other countries in Latin America, and open door policies such as that in China. Formal colonies would be ruled with U.S.-appointed colonial governors and supported by U.S. troops. Protectorates and open door policies promoted business expansion overseas through American oversight of foreign governments and, in the case of threats to economic and strategic interests, the deployment of U.S. marines.
10
Q
Old vs. New Imperialism
A
Old: Colonize + control completely
New: Invest economically so want profit
11
Q
For + Against Imperialism Arguments
A
For: - Economic investments in infrastructure
- Christianize them
- Civilize them
- Protect them from communism and keep them democratic
Against: - For democracy and sovereignty
- They ARE civilized
- Immoral
- Costs too much money
12
Q
Anti-Imperialist League
A
1898 league formed to fight U.S. annexation of the Philippines for economic, legal, racial, moral reasons = made up of social reformers
13
Q
“Big Stick” Policy
A
Theodore Roosevelt; “speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”. to describe foreign policy
14
Q
Dollar Diplomacy
A
President William Taft emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks (less military goals)
15
Q
Wilson’s Moral Imperialism
A
Believed trade spread democracy and he disliked imperialism and yet he produced more military interventions
16
Q
War Industries Board
A
U.S. govt. agency est. on July 28, 1917, during WWI, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies + weapons + set wages for workers in war industries + prevented strikes that would obstruct war production
17
Q
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
A
To get public opinion in support of WW1 + executive order by Wilson
18
Q
Espionage Act of 1917
A
a crime to interfere with or assist the U.S. war efforts or to undermine the war-efforts of the nation’s enemies.
19
Q
Sedition Act of 1918
A
criminalized dissent against the U.S. war effort during WWI
20
Q
Schenck V. United States
A
Supreme Court supported conviction of Socialist Charles T. Schneck who distributed anti-draft leaflets. This was a violation of free speech.
21
Q
Wilson’s 14 Points
A
Wilson’s statement of American war aims and vision of a new international order for freedom + open diplomacy + equal weight to colonized people + League of nations
22
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
Created from the interests of France + Great Britain + U.S. Created a “war Guilt” clause for Germany + unaffordable reparations + U.S Senate did not approve
23
Q
U.S Economy after WW1 (1918-1922)
A
Great Depression was an era where sector by sector, market by market, prices began to plummet as the once-exuberant consumer demand dried up. And with interest rates sky high, businesses couldn’t afford to borrow money to stay afloat. So unemployment skyrocketed.
24
Q
Isolationism after WW1
A
U.S didn’t interact politically/militarily internationally (unlike Wilson) but instead only economically
25
Fundamentalism
Took Bible literally and got rid of Protestant denominations, and were against modern values (greed, parties, alcohol, money). Seen as movement of backward bigots.
26
Culture Wars
religion and other ideologies clashed especially in urban areas so neighborhoods became centralized areas of culture.
27
Red Scare
Intense period of political intolerance inspired by post war strike wave + social tensions + fears generated by Russian Revolution
28
Bolshevik Revolution
This sparked socialism + communism throughout the world. Anti-Communist U.S. wants to foster trade but scared of international instability + threat to private property = no diplomatic recognition
29
Palmer Raids
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer dispatched federal agents to raid offices of radical and labor organizations without warrants, this created appreciation for civil liberties
30
Lynchings
KKK lynched anyone who undermined white rights (middle class African Americans)
31
The Harlem Renaissance
Black and African culture celebrated through art, music, actors, etc.
32
Great migration
African Americans moved North from the South to escape poverty, segregation, and rise of KKK
33
Tulsa Race Massacre (aka Tulsa Riot)
Worse riot about race. 300 African Americans were killed + 10,000 left homeless after a white mob burned an all-black city section to the ground
34
The Rise of the KKK in the 1920s
Many white, lower middle-class, Protestant Americans in the North and Midwest were fearful that immigrants were changing traditional American culture, and they responded with anti-Catholicism and anti-Semitism.
35
Prohibition
Fundamentalists strongly supported banning alcohol. The white and wealthy still enjoyed alcohol at now much cheaper prices. New federal prisons created against crime and immorality.
36
18th Amendment
prohibition of alcohol
37
Volstead Act
designed to execute and enforce Prohibition
38
19th Amendment
right of women to vote.
39
Harding Administration
A corrupt administration (bribes, poker-playing politicians, illegal liquor sales)
40
Teapot Dome scandal
Albert Fall, a former Secretary of the Interior, who was charged with accepting bribes from oil companies in exchange for exclusive rights to drill for oil on federal land.
41
Coolidge Administration
cleaned up the corruption of the Harding administration and provided a model of stability and respectability for the American people in an era of fast-paced modernization. He was a pro-business conservative who favored tax cuts and limited government spending. Yet some of his laissez-faire policies also contributed to the economic problems that erupted into the Great Depression
42
Flappers
social reform of sexual freedom like individual autonomy /personal rebellion through short hair, short skirts, alcohol, and public smoking.
43
New technologies in the 1920s
Cars + traffic + roads + infrastructure + guns + artillery + advanced military weaponry
44
“Lost Generation”
The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S., seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren.
45
Eugenics - Buck v. Bell (1927)
state's right to forcibly sterilize a person considered unfit to procreate. (mentally deficient, deaf, blind, diseased, minorities, poor people, promiscuous women)
46
National Origins Act (immigration quotas)
"White" immigrants had unlimited amounts from West Europe, East + South Europe heavily affected
47
Sacco & Vanzetti
2 Italian-Americans executed after robbing a factory
--> attracted international protests and national
--> highlights how undermined basic American freedoms are + fierce cultural battles (alien threat) + stereotypes
48
The Farmers’ Depression
New technologies made farmers more efficient (produce more with less work). But only bigger farmers could afford the technology, and so farmers had to expand -- or be forced off the land.
49
The Scopes Trial
John Scopes, teacher in Tennessee public high school arrested for violating state law that prohibited teaching Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Trial became a national sensation (tension between traditional religious beliefs VS. science)
50
Hoover Administration
Believing that a dole would prove addictive, sapping the will of Americans to provide for themselves, Hoover opposed direct federal relief payments to individuals. A firm believer in a balanced budget, unwilling to plunge the federal government into massive debt through a welfare program.
51
Stock Market Crash of 1929
factor of Great Depression. A sharp decline in U.S. stock market values = wiped out investors + decline in consumer confidence and business since no one had any money + businesses failed --> laid off workers.
High unemployment ensued + families' lost life savings + less hours + lower wages
52
Buying on Margin
There was a rapid growth in bank credit and easily acquired loans. People encouraged by the market’s stability were unafraid of debt. Allowed ordinary people with little financial acumen to borrow money from their stockbroker.
53
Speculation
Believed the stock will always and only go up.
54
Hoover’s response to the Great Depression
Didn't do enough until it was too late. Name squatter areas, Hoovervilles.
55
Bonus Army
a group of 43,000 demonstrators – 17,000 veterans of U.S. involvement in WWI, their families, and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D.C., in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates. Rejected and pushed pout by federal military (hurt Hoover's reputation even more)
56
1932 Election
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Pres. Herbert Hoover. The 1932 election was the first held during the Great Depression, and it represented a dramatic shift in the political alignment of the country. Republicans had dominated the presidency and now a democrat POTUS
57
Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Enola Gay)
the B-29bomber that was used by the U.S Aug. 6, 1945, to drop the atomic bombs
58
Japanese surrender
announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, bringing the war's hostilities to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy had become incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent.
59
Panama Canal & the U.S.
The Panama Canal was first developed following the failure of a French construction team in the 1880s, when the U.S. commenced building a canal across a 50-mile stretch of the narrow Panama isthmus in 1904. To create a shorter trade route around South America
60
Gentlemen’s Agreement
1907-08 was an informal arrangement between the U.S and Japan to ease growing tensions between the two countries, particularly pertaining to immigration. It called for U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to force San Francisco to repeal its Japanese-American school segregation order in exchange for Japan agreeing to deny emigration passports to Japanese laborers, while still allowing wives, children and parents of current immigrants to enter the U.S.
61
Great White Fleet
popular nickname for the group of U.S. Navy battleships that completed a journey around the globe from December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909, by order of President Theodore Roosevelt
62
1912 Election
Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft while defeating former President Theodore Roosevelt and Socialist Party nominee Eugene V. Deb
63
Federal Reserve Act
1913 central bank to provide a safe, flexible, and stable monetary and financial system
64
U.S. & Mexico (Wilson)
Woodrow Wilson believed in the sovereignty of popular will, and refused to recognize what he considered to be the illegitimate regime of Victoriano Huerta. Nevertheless, he had to look as if he was doing something to calm the Mexican situation so he and his Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan decided to occupy the most important port in that country.
65
16th Amendment
1909 allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of population.
66
17th Amendment
direct election of U.S senators in each state.
67
Causes of WWI: MAIN
Militarism: preparation of a larger and superior military
Alliance System: local countries as friends, created "sides" of a battle
Imperialism: "Scramble for Africa" created tension and competition for land + resources
Nationalism: extreme like Nazis
68
Lusitania
British-registered ocean liner that was torpedoed by an Imperial German Navy U-boat during WW1 1915, many Americans died
69
U.S. Neutrality in WWI
As WWI erupts in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson formally proclaims the neutrality of the U.S., a position that a vast majority of Americans favored, on Aug. 4, 1914.
70
U.S. joins WWI (why?)
Zimmerman Telegram and sinking of the Lusitania brought the U.S. into the war because they found all of this unacceptable.
71
Selective Service Act
1917 or Selective Draft Act authorized the U.S. government to raise a national army for service in WWI through conscription.
72
AAA, CCC, PWA, TVA, NRA, FDIC, Emergency Banking Act, Social Security, FHA, WPA
All govt. aids part of "New Deal" created by FDR:
AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act; set production quotas to raise crop prices , helped property owners not tenants + sharecroppers
CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps; set unemployed young men to work on public projects
PWA: Public Works Administration; contracted with private construction companies to build public facilities
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority; built a series of dams to prevent flooding + deforestation + cheap electricity for homes, factories (public electricity)
NRA: National Recovery Administration; set standards for output + prices + working conditions + allowed unions
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; govt. system that insured the accounts of individual depositors
Emergency Banking Act: provided funds to save threatened institutions
Social Security Act: system of unemployment insurance + old-age pensions + disable aid + poor aid + aid for dependent children
FHA: Federal Housing Administration; insured millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks + low rent housing
WPA: Works Progress Administration; hired 3 million Americans (everyone) for public buildings + bridges + roads + airports + stadiums + pools + sewage treatment
73
Bank runs vs. bank holidays
Bank funds invested in stock market + corporate bonds lose value which lead to depositors withdrew savings. --> So banks have to close and suspend activities.
--> So people can't use the money still stored in their bank accounts.
74
Fireside Chats
FDR used radio to send messages directly to people
75
The Dust Bowl
Severe drought + wind + erosion of native grasses led to reduced production of crops
76
The Committee for Industrial Organization
a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the U.S. and Canada 1935-1955.
77
Collective bargaining
crucial tool for workers to negotiate with employers and gain leverage in their struggle for fair treatment and equality. It allowed workers to come together to voice their concerns and demand changes that would benefit them collectively.
78
Opposition to the New Deal (why?)
Welfare programs will put U.S in enormous debts and are against govt. intervention thinking it will only debilitate Americans further
79
“Court-packing”
Bill to expand Supreme Court membership and appoint a new justice for those older than 70 years old. Bill rejected but Court still supported all of FDR's economic regulations
80
Scottsboro Case
9 young black men arrested for rape of 2 white women in Alabama even though there was no evidence which led to wanting communism for equal rights
81
House Un-American Activities Committee
To investigate disloyalty to govt. (communists + labor radicals + extreme left)
82
Causes of WWII: Appeasement
As Germany and other Axis powers developed military, annexed countries, and prepared for war, Great Britain and France appeased them to avoid conflict thinking they would stop
83
Causes of WWII: Military/authoritarian leaders
These leaders had aggressive tactics and had access to enormous amounts of unchecked power
84
Causes of WWII: Failures of the Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations didn't have U.S. + military enforcement + too harsh on Germany
85
“Four Freedoms”
Freedom of speech + worship + from want + from fear
86
Neutrality Acts
banned travel in belligerent's ships and the sale of arms to countries at war to avoid overseas conflict
87
Lend-Lease Act
authorized military aid so long as countries promised to return it after the war
88
Pearl Harbor & U.S. joins WWII
Japan bombs Pearl harbor to become dominant regional power and paralyze U.S. Navy. Last straw for U.S, seen as unacceptable so joins WW2
89
U.S. industrial mobilization (production & prosperity)
Automobile factories began producing trucks + jeeps. People were needed in factories + as soldiers so people were paid and happy and prospered. Everyone contributed to the war effort.
90
Propaganda (WWI vs. WWII)
Office of War Information mobilized public opinion through radio + film + press. Both public and private
91
The March on Washington & A. Philip Randolph
1941–1946, organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin was a tool designed to pressure the U.S. government into providing fair working opportunities for African Americans and desegregating the armed forces by threat of mass marches on Washington, D.C. during WWII.
92
Second Great Migration
The Second Great Migration altered American industry and culture. Agricultural technology was forced to develop rapidly in the South as more African American farmworkers migrated north. By the 1950s, mechanical cotton pickers had almost entirely replaced human labor.
93
Double V
campaign, initiated by the Pittsburgh Courier from 1942, was a drive to promote the fight for democracy in overseas campaigns and at the home front in the U.S. for African Americans during WWII.
94
Bracero Program
Mexicans came as laborers, however couldn't become citizens + no unions + constant threat of deportation + bad work and living conditions (seen as unskilled labor force)
95
Zoot Suit Riots
1943 Club- wielding sailors and policemen attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing in Los Angeles. Proof of intolerance and discriminiation
96
Women (Rosie the Riveter)
was the star of a campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for defense industries during WWII, she became most iconic image of working women
97
Japanese Internment
Japanese descendants forced into camps to be watched and surveyed to avoid any espionage.
98
Korematsu v. the United States
challenged the constitutionality of the military's order to remove Japanese Americans from their homes and jobs during WWII. The Supreme Court ruled that the order was valid
99
The Holocaust
Belief Germans were the master race meant to rule the world so they gassed 6 million Jews + others deemed as inferior and as reasons for their loss in WW1
100
Europe: Stalingrad Battle
942–February 2, 1943), successful Soviet defense of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd), Russia, U.S.S.R., during WWII. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide of war in favour of the Allies.
101
Pacific: Coral Sea, Midway
Battle
Coral Sea Battle: (1942) WWII naval and air engagement in which a U.S. fleet turned back a Japanese invasion force that had been heading for strategic Port Moresby in New Guinea
Midway Battle: between the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy that played out 6 months after Pearl Harbor. The U.S. Navy’s victory of base at Midway Island dashed Japan’s hopes of neutralizing the U.S. as a naval power and turned the tide of WWII in the Pacific.
102
SSS (draft)
in response to increased world tension and the system was able to fill wartime manpower needs smoothly and rapidly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. At the end of the war, the draft law was allowed to expire
103
Tuskegee Airmen
a group of African American military pilots and airmen who fought in WWII. They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the U.S. Air Forces. The name also applies to the navigators, bombardiers, mechanics, instructors, crew chiefs, nurses, cooks, and other support personnel.
104
Deferments
physically + mentally incapable + women + essential service (policeman + firefighters) were exempt from serving
105
D-Day, 3 phases
1. Paratroopers + gliders infantry would be dropped behind beaches to secure bridges
2. Bombers would bomb Germans + beaches
3. Allied Troops would land on the beaches and take them = creating a beachhead
106
VE Day
Victory in Europe Day is the day celebrating the formal acceptance by the Allies of WWII of Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces on Tuesday, 8 May 1945
107
Harry Truman
1945-1953 He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO. He took the decisions of the 2 atomic bomb droppings
108
Manhattan Project & Robert Oppenheimer
Einstein warned FDR that Germany is developing an atomic weapon so U.S. should too
109
United Nations
Formed to maintain world peace
110
GI Bill of Rights
created to help veterans of WWII. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools.
