Unit 7 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Truman’s Fair Deal
A
1945 liberal domestic reform program, called for expanded social security, new wages-and-hours and public-housing legislation, and a permanent Fair Employment Practices Act that would prevent racial or religious discrimination in hiring.
2
Q
Taft-Hartley
A
1947 U.S. federal law that extended and modified the 1935 Wagner Act. It prohibits certain union practices and requires disclosure of certain financial and political activities by unions.1 The bill was initially vetoed by President Truman, but Congress overrode the veto.
3
Q
Dixiecrats
A
right-wing Democratic group 1948 organized by Southerners who objected to the civil rights program of the Democratic Party
4
Q
Hydrogen Bomb
A
US detonates the world’s first hydrogen bomb, on Eniwetok atoll in the Pacific. The test gave the US a short-lived advantage in the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union.
5
Q
Baby Boom
A
Many babies born because of positive and secure outlook on their futures.
6
Q
GI Bill of Rights
A
Officially the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, the G.I. Bill was created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools
7
Q
Suburbs & Levittowns
A
safe middle-income suburb, all identical housing
8
Q
Red-Lining
A
discriminatory practice in which financial services are withheld from neighborhoods that have significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities.
9
Q
Migration in the post-war period
A
illegal immigration from South America
10
Q
Bracero Program
A
U.S. Govt-sponsored program that imported Mexican farm and railroad workers into US between the years 1942 and 1964. Designed to fill agriculture shortages during World War II,
11
Q
United Nations
A
a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
12
Q
Nuremberg Trials
A
a series of trials held in Nurnberg, Germany, in 1945-46, in which former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals by the International Military Tribunal.
13
Q
Interstate Highway System
A
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, or the Eisenhower Interstate System, is a network of controlled-access highway, for quick military mobilization
14
Q
Joseph McCarthy & McCarthyism
A
period of time in American history that saw U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin produce a series of investigations and hearings during the 1950s in an effort to expose supposed communist infiltration of various areas of the U.S. government. The term has since become a byname for defamation of character or reputation by means of widely publicized indiscriminate allegations, especially on the basis of unsubstantiated charges.
15
Q
Red Scare
A
a form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise, supposed or real, of leftist ideologies in a society, especially communism.
16
Q
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
A
an American married couple who were convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, including providing top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and nuclear weapon designs.
17
Q
Alger Hiss
A
an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s.
18
Q
HUAC
A
The House Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee, was an investigative committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties.
19
Q
NASA
A
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a civilian agency of the government of the U.S. of America, charged with space and aeronautical research and space exploration.
20
Q
Pledge of Allegiance & currency
A
a patriotic recited verse that promises allegiance to the flag of the U.S. and the republic of the U.S.A
21
Q
Korean War
A
fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953.
22
Q
Eisenhower’s “Modern Republicanism”
A
conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings. He cut the federal budget and instituted measures to increase states’ rights but at the same time increased Social Security
23
Q
Brinkmanship
A
The policy or practise of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety), in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome; – used especially of diplomatic maneuvers in crisis situations, and originally applied to the policies of John Foster Dulles under President Eisenhower.
24
Q
Vietnam War
A
conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. It was part of a larger regional conflict as well as a manifestation of the Cold War.
25
France & Indochina
grouping of French colonial territories in Mainland Southeast Asia until its end in 1954
26
Geneva Accords
are international humanitarian laws consisting of four treaties and three additional protocols that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war.
27
Coup to overthrow Diem
In November 1963, President Ngô Đình Diệm and the Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party of the Republic of Vietnam were deposed by a group of CIA-backed Army of the Republic of Vietnam officers who disagreed with Diệm's handling of the Buddhist crisis and the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong threat to South Vietnam
28
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 5, 1964, during the Vietnam War. Johnson presented it as a response to two allegedly unprovoked attacks in the Gulf of Tonkin by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the U.S. destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy on August 2 and August 4, respectively. Passage of the resolution led to the direct involvement of the U.S. in the Vietnam War.
29
Operation Rolling Thunder
the codename for an American bombing campaign during the Vietnam War. U.S. military aircraft attacked targets throughout North Vietnam from March 1965 to October 1968. This massive bombardment was intended to put military pressure on North Vietnam’s communist leaders and reduce their capacity to wage war against the U.S.-supported government of South Vietnam.
30
Tet Offensive
`1968 was a coordinated series of North Vietnamese attacks on more than 100 cities and outposts in South Vietnam. The offensive was an attempt to foment rebellion among the South Vietnamese population and encourage the U.S. to scale back its involvement in the Vietnam War. Though U.S. and South Vietnamese forces managed to hold off the attacks, news coverage of the massive offensive shocked the American public and eroded support for the war effort.
31
My Lai Massacre
A company of American soldiers brutally killed most of the people—women, children and old men—in the village of My Lai on March 16, 1968
32
Agent Orange
mixture of herbicides that U.S. military forces sprayed in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971 during the Vietnam War for the dual purpose of defoliating forest areas that might conceal Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces and destroying crops that might feed the enemy.
33
Khmer Rouge
radical communist movement that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 after winning power through a guerrilla war.
33
Napalm
An aluminum soap of various fatty acids that when mixed with gasoline makes a firm jelly used in some bombs and in flamethrowers.
34
Vietnamization
a strategy that aimed to reduce American involvement in the Vietnam War by transferring all military responsibilities to South Vietnam. The increasingly unpopular war had created deep rifts in American society.
35
Kent State
Four Kent State University students were killed and nine were injured on May 4, 1970, when members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on a crowd gathered to protest the Vietnam War.
36
Pentagon Papers
a top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. military analyst Daniel Ellsberg—who had worked on the study—came to oppose the war, and decided that the information contained in the Pentagon Papers should be available to the American public.
37
War Powers Act
a congressional resolution designed to limit the U.S. president’s ability to initiate or escalate military actions abroad. Among other restrictions, the law requires that presidents notify Congress after deploying the armed forces and limits how long units can remain engaged without congressional approval. Enacted in 1973 with the goal of avoiding another lengthy conflict such as the Vietnam War, its effectiveness has been repeatedly questioned throughout its history, and several presidents have been accused of failing to comply with its regulations.
38
Vietnam Syndrome
that refers to public aversion to American overseas military involvements after the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War. In 1973, the U.S. ended combat operations in Vietnam
39
JFK’s Presidency - The New Frontier
Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 U.S. presidential election , frontier of science and space race
40
Growth of TV
televised elections, debates, and news
41
Rock n Roll & color barrier
Elvis Presley
seen as rebellious and outside of social norms; different
42
Brown v. Board decision (1954)
the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9–0) that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits the states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person within their jurisdictions.
43
NAACP legal strategy
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) pushed the country toward racial equality through organized protests and highly strategic law suits that challenged the racist laws that promoted discrimination against blacks. founded in 1909
44
Plessy v. Ferguson
was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
45
Little Rock 9 & Central HS
a group of nine Black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
46
Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott
civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating.
47
Martin Luther King, Jr.
American Christian minister, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.
48
SCLC vs. SNCC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (peaceful) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (aggressive). Has shared objectives, these entities differed significantly in their approach, leadership, and impact on the quest for civil rights in the U.S.
49
Sit-ins & Greensboro Four
a civil rights protest that started in 1960, when young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. The sit-in movement soon spread to college towns throughout the South. Though many of the protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate and lasting impact, forcing Woolworth’s and other establishments to change their segregationist policies.
50
CORE & James Farmer
was an American civil rights activist who, as a leader of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), helped shape the civil rights movement through his nonviolent activism and organizing of sit-ins and Freedom Rides, which broadened popular support for passage of the Civil Rights and Voting Rights acts in the mid-1960s.
51
Freedom Rides
were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama, South Carolina and other Southern states.
52
MLK Jr’s “Letter From a Birmingham Jail”
Alone in a Birmingham jail cell, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter in 1963 responding to criticism from local white clergy about his nonviolent demonstrations against segregation
53
March on Washington
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as simply the March on Washington or the Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963 hen some 250,000 people gathered the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. It was also the occasion of Martin Luther King Jr.’s now-iconic “I Have a Dream” speech.
54
Freedom Summer
a 1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi. Over 700 mostly white volunteers joined African Americans in Mississippi to fight against voter intimidation and discrimination at the polls.
55
Malcolm X
n American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement
56
SDS
Students for a Democratic Society was a national student activist organization in the U.S. during the 1960s and was one of the principal representations of the New Left
57
Gulf War
(1990–91), international conflict that was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990. Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, ordered the invasion and occupation of Kuwait with the apparent aim of acquiring that nation’s large oil reserves, canceling a large debt Iraq owed Kuwait, and expanding Iraqi power in the region. It was the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era, and the U.S.-led response would set important precedents for the use of military force over subsequent decades.
58
Clinton Presidency
the 42nd U.S. president, served in office from 1993 to 2001. During Clinton’s time in the White House, America enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity, marked by low unemployment, declining crime rates and a budget surplus.
Clinton appointed a number of women and minorities to top government posts, including Janet Reno, the first female U.S. attorney general, and Madeleine Albright, the first female U.S. secretary of state. In 1998, the House of Representatives impeached Clinton on charges related to a sexual relationship he had with a White House intern. He was acquitted by the Senate. Following his presidency, Clinton remained active in public life.
59
New Liberalism
a body of distinctive legislation on social welfare
60
Globalization
integration of the world’s economies, politics, and cultures
61
NAFTA
The North American Free Trade Agreement was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
62
Containment
strategic foreign policy pursued by the U.S. beginning in the late 1940s in order to check the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union + communism
63
Iron Curtain
the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.
64
Truman Doctrine
Truman outlined what became known as the Truman Doctrine in a speech to a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, in which he emphasized the broader consequences of a failure to protect democracy in Greece and Turkey
65
Marshall Plan
also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent. The brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall, for whom it was named, it was crafted as a four-year plan to reconstruct cities, industries and infrastructure heavily damaged during the war and to remove trade barriers between European neighbors—as well as foster commerce between those countries and the U.S.
66
Berlin Blockade & Airlift
an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the U.S., Great Britain and France to travel to their respective sectors of the city of Berlin, which lay entirely inside Russian-occupied East Germany.
67
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe:
68
Suez Canal
a man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea. It enables a more direct route for shipping between Europe and Asia, effectively allowing for passage from the North Atlantic to the Indian Ocean without having to circumnavigate the African continent. The waterway is vital for international trade and, as a result, has been at the center of conflict since it opened in 1869.
69
Sputnik
any of a series of Soviet unmanned space satellites, especially the first one in 1957.
70
U-2 Spy Plane Incident
a U.S. U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces while conducting photographic aerial reconnaissance deep inside Soviet territory
71
Bay of Pigs
abortive invasion of Cuba at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), or Playa Girón (Girón Beach) to Cubans, on the southwestern coast by some 1,500 Cuban exiles opposed to Fidel Castro. The invasion was financed and directed by the U.S. government.
72
Cuban Missile Crisis
leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores.
73
Berlin Wall
1961, the Communist government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) began to build a barbed wire and concrete “Antifascistischer Schutzwall,” or “antifascist bulwark,” between East and West Berlin. The official purpose of this Berlin Wall was to keep so-called Western “fascists” from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West.
74
LBJ’s Presidency - Great Society & War on Poverty
an ambitious series of policy initiatives, legislation and programs spearheaded by President Lyndon B. Johnson with the main goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment
75
Civil Rights Act of 1964
ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. First proposed by President John F. Kennedy, it survived strong opposition from southern members of Congress and was then signed into law by Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson.
76
Medicare & Medicaid
1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare and Medicaid Act, also known as the Social Security Amendments of 1965, into law. It established Medicare, a health insurance program for the elderly, and Medicaid, a health insurance program for people with limited income.
77
Immigration Act of 1965
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law—the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, the move was largely seen as symbolic. put an end to long-standing national-origin quotas that favored those from northern and western Europe and led to a significant immigration demographic shift in America
78
Voting Rights Act of 1965
signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
79
Selma, Alabama (Bloody Sunday)
On March 7, 1965, when then-25-year-old activist John Lewis led over 600 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama and faced brutal attacks by oncoming state troopers, footage of the violence collectively shocked the nation and galvanized the fight against racial injustice.
80
Hart-Cellar Act
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart–Celler Act and more recently as the 1965 Immigration Act, is a landmark federal law passed by the 89th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The law abolished the National Origins Formula, which had been the basis of U.S. immigration policy since the 1920s
81
MLK Jr. assassinated
Martin Luther King Jr., an African-American clergyman and civil rights movement leader, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968
82
Black Panther Party (Huey Newton and Bobby Seale)
African American revolutionary party, founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The party’s original purpose was to patrol African American neighborhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality. The Panthers eventually developed into a Marxist revolutionary group that called for the arming of all African Americans, the exemption of African Americans from the draft and from all sanctions of so-called white America, the release of all African Americans from jail, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation by white Americans. At its peak in the late 1960s, Panther membership exceeded 2,000, and the organization operated chapters in several major American cities.
83
1968 Election
Republican Richard M. Nixon defeated Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey.
84
Neil Armstrong lands on the moon (1969)
Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. As he took his first step, Armstrong famously said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
85
Title IX & Civil Rights Act of 1972
clause of the 1972 Federal Education Amendments, signed into law on June 23, 1972, which stated that “no person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”
86
Affirmative Action
a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups
87
Busing
the practice of transporting students to schools within or outside their local school districts as a means of rectifying racial segregation.
88
“Southern Strategy”
that initially sought to increase and preserve support from white voters in the South by subtly endorsing racial segregation, racial discrimination, and the disenfranchisement of Black voters. The strategy has also involved directly promoting conservative views on immigration, taxes, social welfare programs, law enforcement, and states’ rights.
89
SALT I and ABM
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), negotiations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R that were aimed at curtailing the manufacture of strategic missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The first agreements, known as SALT I and SALT II, were signed by the U.S. and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1972 and 1979, respectively, and were intended to restrain the arms race in strategic (long-range or intercontinental) ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons. First suggested by U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967, strategic arms limitation talks were agreed on by the two superpowers in the summer of 1968, and full-scale negotiations began in November 1969.
Of the resulting complex of agreements (SALT I), the most important were the Treaty on Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Systems and the Interim Agreement and Protocol on Limitation of Strategic Offensive Weapons. Both were signed by Pres. Richard M. Nixon for the United States and Leonid Brezhnev, general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, for the U.S.S.R. on May 26, 1972, at a summit meeting in Moscow.
90
Women’s Movement (NOW)
National Organization for Women (NOW), American activist organization (founded 1966) that promotes equal rights for women. It is the largest feminist group in the United States, with some 500,000 members in the early 21st century.
91
The United Farm Workers & the Chicano Movement
largest and most widespread civil rights and empowerment movement by Mexican-descent people in the United States. to establish a union for farm workers that would not only bring them much-deserved wage and benefit increases, but a sense of dignity for their labor and for themselves.
92
The American Indian Movement
American Indian Movement (AIM), militant Native American civil rights organization,
93
Stonewall and Gay Rights
1969 when New York City police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay club located in Greenwich Village in New York City. The raid sparked a riot among bar patrons and neighborhood residents as police roughly hauled employees and patrons out of the bar, leading to six days of protests and violent clashes with law enforcement outside the bar on Christopher Street, in neighboring streets and in nearby Christopher Park. The Stonewall Riots served as a catalyst for the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world.
94
Counterculture Movement (Hippies)
a broad-ranging social movement in the United States, Canada, and western Europe that rejected conventional mores and traditional authorities and whose members variously advocated peace, love, social justice, and revolution.
95
The ERA
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would invalidate many state and federal laws that discriminate against women; its central underlying principle is that sex should not determine the legal rights of men or women.
96
Moral Majority
American political organization that was founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell, a religious leader and televangelist, to advance conservative social values. Although it disbanded in 1989, the Moral Majority helped to establish the religious right as a force in American politics.
97
Stagflation
Economic growth is sluggish, meaning businesses aren’t producing at full capacity, there aren’t enough jobs to keep everyone employed, and, as a result, consumers drastically reduce spending because they have less money to spend.
98
OPEC & oil embargo
The Arab-dominated Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announces a decision to cut oil exports to the United States and other nations that provided military aid to Israel in the Yom Kippur War of October 1973.
99
Watergate
1972, when several burglars were arrested in the office of the Democratic National Committee, located in the Watergate complex of buildings in Washington, D.C. This was no ordinary robbery: The prowlers were connected to President Richard Nixon’s reelection campaign, and they had been caught wiretapping phones and stealing documents. Nixon took aggressive steps to cover up the crimes, but when Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein revealed his role in the conspiracy, Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. The Watergate scandal changed American politics forever, leading many Americans to question their leaders and think more critically about the presidency.
100
Ford’s Presidency
was the 38th president of the United States (1974–77), who, as 40th vice president, had succeeded to the presidency on the resignation of President Richard Nixon, under the process decreed by the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution, and thereby became the country’s only chief executive who had not been elected either president or vice president.
101
Carter’s Presidency
As the 39th president of the United States, Jimmy Carter struggled to respond to formidable challenges, including a major energy crisis as well as high inflation and unemployment. In the foreign affairs arena, he reopened U.S. relations with China and made efforts to broker peace in the historic Arab-Israeli conflict, but was damaged late in his term by a hostage crisis in Iran.
102
“Gas guzzler tax”
surcharge added to the sales or lease price of cars in the U.S. that have poor fuel economy ratings.
103
Inflation
A persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money.
104
draft evaders
carried steep fines and the possibility of jail time
105
Iran Hostage Crisis
1979, a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. The immediate cause of this action was President Jimmy Carter’s decision to allow Iran’s deposed Shah, a pro-Western autocrat who had been expelled from his country some months before, to come to the United States for cancer treatment. However, the hostage-taking was about more than the Shah’s medical care: it was a dramatic way for the student revolutionaries to declare a break with Iran’s past and an end to American interference in its affairs. It was also a way to raise the intra- and international profile of the revolution’s leader, the anti-American cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The students set their hostages free on January 21, 1981, 444 days after the crisis began and just hours after President Ronald Reagan delivered his inaugural address. Many historians believe that hostage crisis cost Jimmy Carter a second term as president.
106
Reaganomics
eaganomics refers to the economic policies instituted by former President Ronald Reagan.
President Reagan instituted tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and implemented market deregulation.
Reaganomics was influenced by the trickle-down theory and supply-side economics.
Under President Reagan's administration, marginal tax rates decreased, tax revenues increased, inflation decreased, and the unemployment rate fell.
107
War on Crime & Drugs
the effort in the United States since the 1970s to combat illegal drug use by greatly increasing penalties, enforcement, and incarceration for drug offenders.
The War on Drugs began in June 1971 when U.S. Pres. Richard Nixon declared drug abuse to be “public enemy number one” and increased federal funding for drug-control agencies and drug-treatment efforts.
108
Iran Contra Affair
a secret U.S. arms deal that traded missiles and other arms to free some Americans held hostage by terrorists in Lebanon, but also used funds from the arms deal to support armed conflict in Nicaragua. The controversial deal—and the ensuing political scandal—threatened to bring down the presidency of Ronald Reagan.
109
September 11th terrorist attacks
were four coordinated Islamist suicide terrorist attacks carried out by Al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11, 2001. That morning, 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the East Coast to California
110
Bush Doctrine
US foreign policy principles of President George W. Bush promoting preventive war and unilateralism
111
War on Terrorism - Afghanistan & Iraq
term used to describe the American-led global counterterrorism campaign launched in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
