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honors bio > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Sexual and Asexual

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2
Q

How are offspring produced in asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring are produced from a single organism

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3
Q

What are the effects of asexual reproduction?

A

It’s simple and efficient and offspring are genetically identical.

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4
Q

How are offspring from sexual reproduction produced?

A

Offspring are produced by fusion of reproductive cells from two parents

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5
Q

What are the effects of sexual reproduction?

A

It increases genetic diversity

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6
Q

How are prokaryotic cells divided?

A

Divided by binary fission to produce two identical daughter cells

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7
Q

How are eukaryotic cells divided?

A

Divided by mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells

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8
Q

What type of reproduction are binary fission and mitosis?

A

Asexual reproduction

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9
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells that divide by mitosis

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10
Q

What cells make up our bodies?

A

Somatic cells

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11
Q

When do body cells divide?

A

When an organism is growing or it needs to replace old or damaged cells

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12
Q

What is interphase?

A

The part of the cell cycle where cells spend the most time and perform their normal function or job

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13
Q

Gap 1 (G1) phase

A

Cell growth

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14
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication

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15
Q

Gap 2 (G2)

A

Cell growth and preparation for division

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16
Q

M phase

A

Cell division

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17
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When DNA and the nucleus separate

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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)

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19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Parent cell separate into 2 daughter cells

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20
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease that occurs when a cell divides when it should not

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21
Q

How are tumors formed?

A

Unregulated cell division leads to a pileup of cells that form a lump (a tumor)

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22
Q

What are genes?

A

Instructions found on DNA for building all proteins that a cell requires

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23
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Unwound and uncondensed DNA

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24
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

wound and condensed DNA

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25
Q

When do chromosomes exist?

A

Only during cell division

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26
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of DNA attached together to make a chromosome

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27
Q

When do sister chromosomes exist?

A

Only exist after DNA replication and after the S phase

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28
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The middle of a replicated chromosomes

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29
Q

What is at the end of chromosomes?

A

Telomeres

30
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

2 identical daughter cells

31
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

Before mitosis, during S phase.

32
Q

Which phase is the longest phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

33
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes
Centrioles moves to the opposite “poles” of the cells and send out spindle fibers
Nuclear envelope breaks down and nucleolus disappears

34
Q

Why does DNA condense into chromosomes?

A

This allows them to take up less space

35
Q

What is the shortest phase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

36
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

All the chromosomes are lined up across the equator (center) of the cell
Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes
Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

37
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids break apart and are now called daughter chromosomes
Daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers
Spindle fibers that aren’t attached to chromosomes elongate the cell

38
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell and begin to decondense
Nuclear envelope begins to reform and spindle fibers break down

39
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cell splitting

40
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cell and its contents (organelles, cytosol) divide into two daughter cells

41
Q

How do animals use cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage furrow forms from a contractile ring of microfilaments

42
Q

How do plants use cytokinesis?

A

Cell plate forms as vesicles containing cell wall materials travel to the equator

43
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A

1) Interphase (G1, S phase, G2)
2) Cell division (Mitosis, Cytokinesis)

44
Q

What stage of cell division is this?

A

Before mitosis

45
Q

What stage of cell division is this?

A

Prophase

46
Q

What stage of cell division is this?

A

Metaphase

47
Q

What stage of cell division is this?

A

Anaphase

48
Q

What stage of cell division is this?

A

Telophase

49
Q

What stage of cell division is this?

A

Cytokinesis

50
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that produce daughter cells called gametes

51
Q

What is different about gametes?

A

They only contain half the normal number of chromosomes

52
Q

Why do gametes only contain half the normal chromosomes?

A

Because gametes combine to form an embryo

53
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A haploid because they contain half the chromosomes

54
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Diploid because they contain twice the number of chromosomes than haploid cells

55
Q

How many chromosomes are in human somatic cells?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

56
Q

What are pairs of chromosomes called?

A

Homologous pairs

57
Q

What are gene variations called?

A

Alleles

58
Q

What determines the sex of an individual?

A

Sex chromosomes
Males=XY
Females=XX

59
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Nonsex chromosomes
Humans have 22 pairs

60
Q

How many chromosomes are in human diploid cells?

A

46 chromosomes

61
Q

How many chromosomes are in human haploid cells?

A

23 chromosomes

62
Q

What can only be produced by meiosis?

A

Gametes

63
Q

What is mitosis only for?

A

Body cells

64
Q

What is the end product of mitosis?

A

2 genetically identical cells

65
Q

What is the end product of meiosis?

A

4 haploid cells (half the chromosomes)

66
Q

How many times does meiosis go through PMAT/cytokinesis?

A

2 times

67
Q

What happens with the genetic material in meiosis?

A

We will see a possibility of swapping genetic material between homologous pairs

68
Q

What is swapping genetic material called?

A

Crossover

69
Q

When does crossover occur?

A

ONLY occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis

70
Q

How do the chromosomes line up in meiosis 1?

A

Randomly across the equator
Allows the chromosomes from mom and dad to be mixed up in the gametes

71
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When chromosome pairs fail to seperate

honors bio (4 decks)

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