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honors bio > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Sexual and Asexual

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2
Q

How are offspring produced in asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring are produced from a single organism

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3
Q

What are the effects of asexual reproduction?

A

It’s simple and efficient and offspring are genetically identical.

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4
Q

How are offspring from sexual reproduction produced?

A

Offspring are produced by fusion of reproductive cells from two parents

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5
Q

What are the effects of sexual reproduction?

A

It increases genetic diversity

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6
Q

How are prokaryotic cells divided?

A

Divided by binary fission to produce two identical daughter cells

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7
Q

How are eukaryotic cells divided?

A

Divided by mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells

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8
Q

What type of reproduction are binary fission and mitosis?

A

Asexual reproduction

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9
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells that divide by mitosis

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10
Q

What cells make up our bodies?

A

Somatic cells

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11
Q

When do body cells divide?

A

When an organism is growing or it needs to replace old or damaged cells

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12
Q

What is interphase?

A

The part of the cell cycle where cells spend the most time and perform their normal function or job

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13
Q

Gap 1 (G1) phase

A

Cell growth

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14
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication

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15
Q

Gap 2 (G2)

A

Cell growth and preparation for division

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16
Q

M phase

A

Cell division

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17
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When DNA and the nucleus separate

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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)

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19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Parent cell separate into 2 daughter cells

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20
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease that occurs when a cell divides when it should not

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21
Q

How are tumors formed?

A

Unregulated cell division leads to a pileup of cells that form a lump (a tumor)

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22
Q

What are genes?

A

Instructions found on DNA for building all proteins that a cell requires

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23
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Unwound and uncondensed DNA

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24
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

wound and condensed DNA

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25
When do chromosomes exist?
Only during cell division
26
What are sister chromatids?
Identical copies of DNA attached together to make a chromosome
27
When do sister chromosomes exist?
Only exist after DNA replication and after the S phase
28
What is a centromere?
The middle of a replicated chromosomes
29
What is at the end of chromosomes?
Telomeres
30
What is the purpose of mitosis?
2 identical daughter cells
31
When does DNA replication occur?
Before mitosis, during S phase.
32
Which phase is the longest phase of mitosis?
Prophase
33
What happens during prophase?
DNA condenses into chromosomes Centrioles moves to the opposite “poles” of the cells and send out spindle fibers Nuclear envelope breaks down and nucleolus disappears
34
Why does DNA condense into chromosomes?
This allows them to take up less space
35
What is the shortest phase of mitosis?
Metaphase
36
What happens during metaphase?
All the chromosomes are lined up across the equator (center) of the cell Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
37
What happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatids break apart and are now called daughter chromosomes Daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers Spindle fibers that aren’t attached to chromosomes elongate the cell
38
What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell and begin to decondense Nuclear envelope begins to reform and spindle fibers break down
39
What is cytokinesis?
Cell splitting
40
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cell and its contents (organelles, cytosol) divide into two daughter cells
41
How do animals use cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow forms from a contractile ring of microfilaments
42
How do plants use cytokinesis?
Cell plate forms as vesicles containing cell wall materials travel to the equator
43
What is the order of the cell cycle?
1) Interphase (G1, S phase, G2) 2) Cell division (Mitosis, Cytokinesis)
44
What stage of cell division is this?
Before mitosis
45
What stage of cell division is this?
Prophase
46
What stage of cell division is this?
Metaphase
47
What stage of cell division is this?
Anaphase
48
What stage of cell division is this?
Telophase
49
What stage of cell division is this?
Cytokinesis
50
What is meiosis?
Cell division that produce daughter cells called gametes
51
What is different about gametes?
They only contain half the normal number of chromosomes
52
Why do gametes only contain half the normal chromosomes?
Because gametes combine to form an embryo
53
What is a gamete?
A haploid because they contain half the chromosomes
54
What are somatic cells?
Diploid because they contain twice the number of chromosomes than haploid cells
55
How many chromosomes are in human somatic cells?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
56
What are pairs of chromosomes called?
Homologous pairs
57
What are gene variations called?
Alleles
58
What determines the sex of an individual?
Sex chromosomes Males=XY Females=XX
59
What are autosomes?
Nonsex chromosomes Humans have 22 pairs
60
How many chromosomes are in human diploid cells?
46 chromosomes
61
How many chromosomes are in human haploid cells?
23 chromosomes
62
What can only be produced by meiosis?
Gametes
63
What is mitosis only for?
Body cells
64
What is the end product of mitosis?
2 genetically identical cells
65
What is the end product of meiosis?
4 haploid cells (half the chromosomes)
66
How many times does meiosis go through PMAT/cytokinesis?
2 times
67
What happens with the genetic material in meiosis?
We will see a possibility of swapping genetic material between homologous pairs
68
What is swapping genetic material called?
Crossover
69
When does crossover occur?
ONLY occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis
70
How do the chromosomes line up in meiosis 1?
Randomly across the equator Allows the chromosomes from mom and dad to be mixed up in the gametes
71
What is nondisjunction?
When chromosome pairs fail to seperate

honors bio (5 decks)

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