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honors bio > unit 9 > Flashcards

unit 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of DNA in heredity?

A

-Storing genetic information
-Copying genetic information
-Transmitting the genetic information

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2
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

-5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine

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4
Q

What is the macromolecule in DNA?

A

Nucleic acid

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5
Q

What is the polymer in DNA?

A

DNA

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6
Q

What is the monomer in DNA?

A

Nucleotide

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7
Q

What direction do the strands in DNA run?

A

In opposite directions, they are antiparallel

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8
Q

What are the nucleotides held together by?

A

Covalent bonds in the backbone

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9
Q

What are the two strands of DNA held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

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10
Q

What are the base pairings?

A

A and T = 2 hydrogen bonds
G and C = 3 hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Which bonds are the strongest?

A

Covalent bonds

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12
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

New copy of DNA for every cell

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13
Q

What does DNA being semiconservative mean?

A

1 parent strand and 1 new strand

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14
Q

What is helicase?

A

The “unzipper”; breaks hydrogen bonds between strands

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15
Q

What is primase?

A

The “initializer”; makes RNA primer

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16
Q

What is polymerse?

A

The “builder”; adds nucleotides to the new strand 5’ and 3’

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17
Q

What is ligase?

A

The “gluer”; create covalent bonds between nucleotides to connect fragments

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18
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, 2 strand, A = T G = C, stores
RNA: Ribose sugar, 1 strand, A = U G = C, transfers

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19
Q

What is the role of DNA?

A

Stores information and genetic material

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20
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Monomer- Amino acids

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21
Q

What is the role of proteins?

A

Muscles, transport, stores, enzymes, structural

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22
Q

What do the genes in DNA contain?

A

Information to make proteins

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23
Q

What is transcription?

A

Where the cell makes mRNA copies of genes that are needed
Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes

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24
Q

What is translation?

A

Where the mRNA is read by the ribosomes to make proteins
Occurs in the cytosol

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25
What is a gene?
Unit of DNA that carries information to make a proteins
26
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA, it carries information from a gene in DNA
27
What is RNAP
RNA polymerase, the enzyme that reads DNA to make mRNA (5'-3')
28
What is the first step of transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to the template strand of DNA at the beginning of a gene called the promoter
29
What is the second step of transcription?
RNA polymerase moves along the gene unwinding the DNA and creating a complementary strand of RNA stopping when it reaches the terminator. Using the RNA base pairing rules
30
What is the RNA base pairing rules?
G-C and A-U
31
What is the initial mRNA that is produced called?
The primary transcript
32
How does mRNA become mature?
It must go through processing
33
What are exons?
Coding regions (expressed)
34
What are introns?
Non-coding regions (interrupting) Must be removed before primary transcript is mature and can leave nucleus
35
What is the roles of a ribosome in translation?
It binds mRNA and tRNA to link amino acids together
36
RIbosome structure:
Contains 2 subunits one small and one large Made of proteins and RNA (rRNA)
37
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA, a type of RNA that matches amino acids to specific sequences of mRNA
38
What is a codon?
A group of 3 mRNA/DNA that encode a single amino acid
39
What is the link between mRNA and proteins
tRNA
40
What is the start codon?
ATG/AUG
41
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UGA, UAG
42
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence
43
What are the three types of mutations?
Insertion: adding one or more nucleotides Deletion: removing one or more nucleotides Substitution: changing a single nucleotide for another Point: affects only one nucleotide
44
What is a silent mutation?
The nucleotide change still encodes the same amino acid
45
What is a missense mutation?
Replaces the original amino acid with a different amino acid
46
What is a nonsense mutation?
Replaces the original amino acid with a stop codon
47
What is frame shift?
A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by 3 disrupting the reading frame, group of codons
48
What is a virus?
A non-cellular infectious agent that contains genetic material
49
What characteristics do viruses have?
Reproduce with host, sense + response, evolve, growth + development with host, order
50
How is a viral infection caused?
Viruses infect host cells by injecting their DNA and they take over the hosts protein synthesis enzymes to make new viruses
51
What is the lytic cycle?
When the virus injects its DNA into the host cell and it takes over the function of the cell to make more viruses
52
What is the lysogenic cycle?
The viral DNA is injected and it finds its way into the host genome
53
What is a retrovirus?
A virus with RNA
54
What can gen regulation do?
Change the expression of a gene by turning the gene on or off, down or up
55
What do genes usually have?
Regulatory regions 'upstream' of the coding region (the part of the gene that gets translated)
56
What are activators?
Proteins that increase gene expression
57
What are repressors?
Proteins that increase gene expression
58
What are operons?
Multiple genes controlled by one promoter and operator (regulatory region)
59
What do operons allow?
Many genes to be regulated in the same way
60
What happens when there is an absence of lactose?
The repressor protein binds to the operator preventing RNAP from binding to the promoter to begin transcription
61
What happens when there is a presence of lactose?
The repressor protein binds to lactose (inducer) cause the repressor to become inactive. Since the repressor can no longer bind to the operator, RNAP can begin transcription
62
What is a lac operon?
An inducible operon
63
What is a trp operon?
A repressible operon
64
Do eukaryotes have operons?
No
65
What are eukaryotic genes regulated by?
Proteins called transcription factors
66
What do transcription factors do?
They are recruited by enhancers and interact with the promoter to help RNAP bind
67
What happens when DNA is super condensed?
The DNA is less accessible to RNAP. More packing = less transcription
68
More methylation of histones =
more compact + less transcription
69
More acetylation histones =
Less compact
70
What is alternative RNA splicing?
When a single DNA gene can be transcribed into 2 or more alternative mRNA forms
71
What does alternative RNA splicing lead to?
Leads to multiple proteins that can be made during different conditions
72
What is micro-RNA (miRNA)?
Very short RNA sequences that bind to complementary mRNA
73
What happens when miRNA binds to mRNA?
miRNA can stop the translation process of the mRNA strand
74
What is mRNA degradation?
mRNA that live longer can produce more proteins and it increase the length of the 3' tail = more stable mRNA
75
What is initiation of translation?
Inhibitory proteins can stop the ribosome from translating specific mRNAs
76
What is protein processing?
-Some proteins are only active after ____ by a protease. Insulin -All proteins eventually get degraded. Protein can be tagged for break down by ubiquitin
77
What is reception?
Signal molecule (ligand) binds to a receptor in the membrane -The ligand is specific to the receptor just like and enzyme and substrate
78
What is transduction?
The receptor passes the message to relay proteins inside the cell. Those proteins pass the message to other proteins
79
What is response?
A gene is turned on or off by regulatory protein
80
What leads to fight of flight response?
Epinephrine
81
How does growth factors lead to cancer?
If a growth factor becomes hyperactive it could lead to uncontrolled cell growth
82
What are oncogenes?
Genes that have developed a mutation that leads to cancer
83
What are tumor suppressor genes?
Genes that normally suppress cell division
84
Pronto
Oncogenes normally cause the cell to go through checkpoints in the cell cycle
85
Tumor suppressor regulation
Decrease expression of tumor suppressors can lead to cancer
86
What do tumor suppressors do?
Stop the cell at checkpoints in the cell cycle
87
What are the causes of cancer?
Inherited Viruses Carcinogen: Cancer causing agents found in the environment

honors bio (5 decks)

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