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honors bio > unit 5 and 6 > Flashcards

unit 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Organic molecules and O2

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2
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

ATP, CO2, H2O. Used by plants

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

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4
Q

How does a cell make ATP?

A

Releases the energy in food molecules.

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5
Q

What does cellular respiration occur in?

A

Animals, plants, and many other organisms.

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6
Q

What are redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions?

A

Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons.

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7
Q

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are both what?

A

A series of redox reactions.

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8
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons.

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9
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons.

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10
Q

What does hydrogen contain?

A

One electron and one proton.

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11
Q

If hydrogen is gain what is that called?

A

Reduction

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12
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

Molecules that accept electrons and move them around the cell.

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13
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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14
Q

FAPH2

A

Flavin adenine dinuleotide

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15
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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17
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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18
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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19
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

A small amount of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

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21
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The direct transfer of the phosphate group

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22
Q

What is the reactant and products of glycolysis?

A

Reactant: Glucose
Products: 2 pyruvate

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23
Q

Where does the pyruvic acid that was produced in Glycolysis moved to?

A

Into the mitochondrion

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24
Q

What happens to the pyruvate acid in the mitochondrion?

A

It is converted into a form of citric acid.

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25
Q

How does the pyruvate lose carbon?

A

It loses in the form of CO2 and created acetic acid.

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26
Q

What is added to NAD to form NADH?

A

High energy electrons.

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27
Q

What are the 3 steps of pyruvate oxidation?

A
  1. Pyruvic acid loses a carbon as CO2
  2. Breakdown of the fuel generates NADH
  3. Acetic acid attaches to coenzyme A
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28
Q

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

A

CO2 when carbon is lost.

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29
Q

What is formed in the Kerbs cycle and why?

A

NADH and FADH2 to carry high energy electrons.

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30
Q

Where does electron transport chain occur?

A

Inner mitochondiral membrane

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31
Q

What electron carriers start ETC?

A

NADH and NADH2

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32
Q

What do the electrons pass through?

A

Proteins

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33
Q

What do the proteins in the ETC also pump and to where?

A

Protons (H+) from the matrix to the inner membrane space

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34
Q

What do the final electrons do?

A

They are accepted by oxygen to form water

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35
Q

What is oxygen called?

A

Their terminal electron accepter

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36
Q

What is the effect of the proteins pumping H+ in the ETC?

A

A high concentration of H+ is in the intermembrane space and a low concentration in the matrix. (Membrane potential)

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37
Q

How do H+ diffuse?

A

Down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase. (Intermembrane space to matix)

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38
Q

What does the movement of H+ through ATP synthase cause?

A

Causes the enzyme to rotate and form ATP from ADP and phosphate (Oxidative phosphorylation)

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39
Q

In what step of cellular respiration do we breathe in oxygen?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos)

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40
Q

In what step of cellular respiration do we produce carbon dioxide?

A

Krebs pyruvate oxidation

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41
Q

How are macromolecules besides carbohydrates processed?

A

They are broken down by specific enzymes

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42
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Metabolic processes that require oxygen

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43
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Metabolic processes that do not directly require oxygen nor does it rely on an oxygen-requiring process

44
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

Cytosol

45
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation?

A

To recycle NADH into NAD+ when oxygen is absent

46
Q

Why is fermentation important?

A

Because if there isn’t NAH+ glycolysis cannot proceed, and the cell cannot make ATP

47
Q

What type of fermentation do yeast and a few other microorganisms use?

A

Alcoholic fermentation

48
Q

What does alcoholic fermentation produce?

A

Ethanol and CO2

49
Q

Does ethanol fermentation produce ATP?

A

Yes

50
Q

What are the reactants and products of Ethanol Fermentation?

A

Glucose, 2 Ethyl alcohol

51
Q

What are many cells, especially muscle cells, capable of?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

52
Q

What happens if lactic acid is collected in your muscle cells?

A

You feel soreness

53
Q

What are the reactants and products of Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

Glucose, 2 lactic acid

54
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of using sunlight to make food

55
Q

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

A

Reactants: CO2 and H2O
Products: C6H12O6 (glucose, organic molecules) and O2

56
Q

What is the driving force of the reaction in photosynthesis?

A

Light

57
Q

What does light do?

A

It adds energy

58
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Self-feeders

59
Q

Where to autotrophs obtain their energy?

A

From non-living sources, usually the sun but can be from chemical reactions

60
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Producers that use energy from the sun to complete photosynthesis

61
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Organisms that obtains energy from other living things

62
Q

What are consumers?

A

Heterotrophs that usually gain their energy from cellular respiration

63
Q

What organelle is used in photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

64
Q

What are the different parts of the chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoids, grana, stroma, lumen

65
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Sac-like photosynthetic membranes

66
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids (singular=granum)

67
Q

What are stroma?

A

The fluid portion of the chlorplast

68
Q

What are lumen?

A

The fluid inside of the thylakoid

69
Q

What is light?

A

A form of energy

70
Q

How do plants use light?

A

To help break water molecules. They can absorb some colors but not all of the colors

71
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The light harnessing pigment that allows plants to harvest light energy

72
Q

What do accessory pigments do?

A

Help the plants absorb as much of the spectrum as possible

73
Q

In what form does photosynthesis generate energy?

A

ATP

74
Q

How does photosynthesis store energy?

A

As glucose

75
Q

What do light reactions require?

A

The direct involvement of light and light absorbing pigments.

76
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

Thylakoid Membrane

77
Q

What do light reactions involve?

A

An electron transport chain and ATP synthase

78
Q

What are dark reactions?

A

Light-independent reactions and the Calvin cycle

79
Q

Where do dark reactions occur?

A

The stroma

80
Q

What are the products of light reactions used for?

A

To fix CO2 into sugar

81
Q

What is needed for dark reactions to occur?

A

Light reactions

81
Q

What is needed for light reactions to occur?

A

Dark reactions

81
Q

What does NADPH have that NADH did not?

A

A phosphate

82
Q

What is the carrier molecule used in photosynthesis?

A

NADP+

83
Q

What do light-dependent reactions do?

A

Use energy from sunlight to convert water into oxygen and ACP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH

84
Q

How do light reactions use an electron transport chain?

A

To create ATP and NADPH

85
Q

What are photosystems?

A

Protein complexes that help the elections move through the electron transport chain using light

86
Q

What do the pigments in photosystems do?

A

Absorb sunlight and generate high-energy electrons that are easier to pass through the electron transport chain

87
Q

What do electron transport chains do?

A

Pump protons into the lumen

88
Q

What does the high proton concentration allow?

A

Allows ATP to be generated by oxidative phosphorylation using synthase.

89
Q

What are the reactants of light reactions?

A

Water, ADP, and NADP+ plus light

90
Q

What are the products of light reactions?

A

O2, ATP, NADPH

91
Q

What is the electron donor in light reactions?

A

Water

92
Q

What are electron acceptors in light reactions?

A

NADPH

93
Q

What colors are absorbed by cholophyll?

A

Blue, purple, and red

94
Q

What color is reflected by cholophyll?

A

Green

95
Q

What is released or “breathed out” of a plant?

A

O2

96
Q

What enter the dark reactions as reactants?

A

ATP and NADPH

97
Q

What are the products of light reactions used for?

A

To stick carbon dioxide molecules together

98
Q

What is combined in the Dark Reaction?

A

CO2 and RuBP

99
Q

What enzyme combined carbon dioxide with RuBP?

A

Rubisco

100
Q

What do the new 6 carbon molecules do?

A

Split to form 3 carbon compound with 1 phosphorus attached to it

101
Q

What do the 3 carbon molecules do?

A

1 of the 3 is combined with others to make sugar and other organic compounds. The other 3 carbon molecules are used to make RuBP again

102
Q

What are the reactants of Dark Reactions?

A

CO2 “breathed in” and ATP and NADPH (from light reactions)

103
Q

What are the products of dark reactions?

A

Sugar, ADP, and NAPH+

104
Q

What do the ADP and NADP+ do in dark reactions?

A

They are sent back to the light dependent reactions

105
Q

What is used to make all of the parts of the plant?

A

Sugar

honors bio (5 decks)

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