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AP Biology, Bio 101 > Unit 7: Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 7: Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Who proposed the idea that organisms on earth have the characteristics they do because they evolved from other organisms?

A

Charles Darwin

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2
Q

What was the most influential area of Darwin’s voyage around the world?

A

The Galapagos Islands

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3
Q

What book did Darwin write, outlining his theory of evolution?

A

The Origin of Species

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4
Q

What where Darwin’s two major theories?

A

Natural Selection, and Descent with Modification

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5
Q

What do Darwin’s theories explain?

A

A) The pattern of similarities and differences among organisms
B) The mechanism of how things evolve

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6
Q

What things influenced the development of Darwin’s theories?

A

A) The voyage of the Beagle
B) Charles Lyell’s principles of geology
C) Malfous’ essay on population and resources
D) Questions from Alfred Russel Wallace, prompting Darwin to publish

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7
Q

What is it called when traits are selected against/for over time in nature?

A

Natural Selection

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8
Q

What are the four conditions necessary for natural selection to occur?

A

A) Variations in the population
B) Heritability
C) Change over time
D) Reproductive Advantage

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9
Q

IF populations produce more offspring than can survive, AND variation exists among the population, AND survival and/or reproduction are not random, then….

A

The population must evolve.

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10
Q

What conditions must exist for evolution to occur?

A

A) Populations produce more offspring then can survive
B) There is variation in the population
C) Survival and/or reproduction are not random

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11
Q

What is evolution?

A

Changes in allele frequency of a population’s gene pool, leading to changes in population over generations

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12
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

A hypothetical situation where allele frequencies remain constant.

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13
Q

What are the two equations for Hardy-Weinburg?

A

A) p + q = 1

B) p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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14
Q

What does p^2 mean in Hardy-Weinburg?

A

The percentage of homozygous dominant individuals in the population.

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15
Q

What does q^2 mean in Hardy-Weinburg?

A

The percentage of homozygous recessive individuals in the population.

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16
Q

What does 2pq mean in Hardy-Weinburg?

A

The percentage of heterozygous individuals in a population

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17
Q

What are the requirements for Hardy-Weinburg Equalibrium?

A 
A) No mutation
B) No gene flow
C) Very large population size
D) Random mating
E) No advantage of one phenotype over another
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18
Q

When does Hardy-Weinburg happen in nature?

A

Never

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19
Q

What are some of the forces that cause evolution?

A

Natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, the founder effect, genetic bottleneck, and non-random mating.

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20
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The idea that organisms that are better adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than those not so well adapted to the environment.

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21
Q

What are the three types of natural selection?

A

Directional, disruptive, and stabilizing natural selection.

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22
Q

What is disruptive natural selection?

A

Where the intermediate traits were selected against. (think of the peppered moths) Tends to be Mendalian.

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23
Q

What is stabilizing natural selection?

A

The opposite of disruptive natural selection, this selection selects for the middle-of-the-road traits, or against the extreme traits. Tends to be polygenic.

24
Q

What is directional natural selection?

A

Where individuals on one extreme are selected against, causing a gradual shift in population phenotype.

25
Q

What kind of mutation can be passed on?

A

A mutation in a gamete.

26
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The movement of alleles in or out of a population

27
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random changes in allele frequencies.

28
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

A circumstance where a few individuals become isolated from a population and establish a new population with different allele frequencies. This is a type of genetic drift.

29
Q

What is genetic bottleneck?

A

A change in allele frequencies in a population, caused by a severe drop in numbers, followed by the subsequent recovery. This can be a type of genetic drift.

30
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

Exactly what it sounds like: Individuals mating preferentially. This can lead to certain traits being favored by evolution that are not necessarily good for survival (think peacocks)

31
Q

What are the two types of nonrandom mating?

A

Inter- and Intrasexual mating.

32
Q

What is Intersexual mating?

A

One sex (usually the females) choose mates. (think birds, or people)

33
Q

What is intrasexual mating?

A

A single dominant male mates with multiple females. (Think elk)

34
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Where males and females exhibit different phenotypes.

35
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

A group of potentially interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring regularly in nature

36
Q

What are some reproductive barriers?

A 
A) Anatomical Isolation
B) Geographical Isolation
C) Temporal Isolation
D) Gamete Incompatibility
E) Hybrid Infertility
37
Q

Do new species appear instantly?

A

No

38
Q

What happens when speciation occurs?

A

Two new species develop from one ancestral species

39
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The scientific field of naming and classifying organisms

40
Q

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

A

The father of biological classification.

41
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Two name naming

42
Q

What is a genus?

A

The first name in a species name, it is the group to which a species belongs (kinda like a surname)

43
Q

Is the species name capitalized?

A

No. The genus name is always capitalized, though.

44
Q

What are the advantages of scientific names?+

A

A) Unique
B) Universal
C) Descriptive
D) Shows Relationships

45
Q

What is the order of classification?

A

Species, Genus, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdoms, Domains

46
Q

What do you call an evolutionary tree?

A

A phylogenetic tree, or a cladogram.

47
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a species or a group

48
Q

What are systematics?

A

Classification based on evolution

49
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

A branching diagram that represents the phylogeny of a group.

50
Q

What is an ancestral group?

A

A group from which other taxa emerge

51
Q

What is a rooted tree?

A

A tree with one branch point representing common ancestor, or ancestral group, of all the taxa in the tree

52
Q

What are sister taxa?

A

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor. They are also equidistant from all other taxa in the tree.

53
Q

What is an out-group?

A

A group not part of the taxa included in the tree, used for comparison

54
Q

True or False: Phylogenetic trees show phenotypic similarity

A

False

55
Q

Do cladograms show the ages of species?

A

No

56
Q

Could a taxon on a tree have evolved from the taxon next to it?

A

No

AP Biology, Bio 101 (8 decks)

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