Unit 7: Genetics

Question 1

DNA stands for

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

Each nucleotide of DNA is made of __________, __________, and __________

Answer 2

Phosphate, nitrogenous Base, and deoxyribose (a Sugar)- (PBS)

Question 3

In DNA, A goes with ___

Answer 3

T

Question 4

In DNA, G goes with ___

Answer 4

C

Question 5

In DNA, bases form multiple weak __________ bonds with one another

Answer 5

Hydrogen

Question 6

DNA strands run __________ to one
another—they run in
opposite directions

Answer 6

Antiparallel

Question 7

In DNA, phosphates bond __________ to sugars to form a strong backbone

Answer 7

Covalently

Question 8

In DNA, __________ form the “steps” of the “staircase”

Answer 8

Bases

Question 9

In DNA, __________ and __________ form the edges of the double helix

Answer 9

Sugars and phosphates

Question 10

In DNA, the amount of A in the molecule is equal to the amount of ___

Answer 10

T

Question 11

In DNA, the amount of G in the molecule is equal to the amount of ___

Answer 11

C

Question 12

RNA stands for

Answer 12

Ribonucleic acid

Question 13

RNA contains __________ instead of deoxyribose

Answer 13

Ribose

Question 14

RNA is __________-stranded

Answer 14

Single

Question 15

DNA is __________-stranded

Answer 15

Double

Question 16

In DNA, the four bases are ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 16

G, C, A, and T

Question 17

In RNA, the four bases are ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 17

G, C, A, and U

Question 18

In RNA, G goes with ___

Answer 18

C

Question 19

In RNA, U goes with ___

Answer 19

A

Question 20

Each gene is made of __________

Answer 20

One protein

Question 21

DNA requires mRNA to make proteins because __________

Answer 21

The ribosomes that make the proteins are outside of the nucleus, DNA is too large to get through

Question 22

In transcription, a copy of a protein recipe called __________ is made from DNA

Answer 22

mRNA

Question 23

mRNA can leave the nucleus because

Answer 23

It’s much smaller than DNA

Question 24

__________ adds new RNA nucleotides to the growing 3’ end of the
mRNA strand

Answer 24

RNA polymerase

Question 25

In translation, a ribosome uses an mRNA recipe to __________

Answer 25

Select and put together amino acids

Question 26

In mRNA, ___ bases make up one codon

Answer 26

Three

Question 27

In translation, mRNA is read ___ codon(s) at a time

Answer 27

One

Question 28

In translation, a __________ uses an mRNA recipe to select and put together a sequence of amino acids

Answer 28

Ribosome

Question 29

Start codon

Answer 29

AUG

Question 30

Each mRNA codon in the recipe is complimentary with the __________ of a matching tRNA molecule

Answer 30

Anticodon

Question 31

As each amino acid is delivered by tRNA, the ribosome connects it to the growing chain by forming a __________ bond

Answer 31

Peptide

Question 32

In protein synthesis, mRNA __________

Answer 32

Takes the copied DNA recipe to the ribosome

Question 33

In protein synthesis, tRNA __________

Answer 33

Delivers the amino acids to the ribosomes

Question 34

In protein synthesis, rRNA __________

Answer 34

Is what the ribosome is made of

Question 35

A gene mutation is simply a change in the __________ sequence of a DNA molecule

Answer 35

Nucleotide

Question 36

Silent mutation

Answer 36

Results in no change to the amino acid

Question 37

Missense

Answer 37

Results in the change of one amino acid

Question 38

Nonsense

Answer 38

Results in a premature stop

Question 39

Genetic change where only a single nucleotide base is altered in a DNA/RNA sequence

Answer 39

Point mutation

Question 40

Genetic mutation where one or more base pairs are inserted or deleted, disrupting the reading frame of an entire DNA sequence

Answer 40

Frameshift mutation

Question 41

Genes turned off [will/will not] be transcribed from DNA into mRNA

Answer 41

Will not

Question 42

Differentiation

Answer 42

The process by which cells become specialized in order to more efficiently carry out specific functions

Question 43

Cells that are still able to differentiate are called __________

Answer 43

Stem cells

Question 44

Gene therapy

Answer 44

Creating DNA-based treatments for genetic diseases and delivering them to as many cells as possible within an affected individual

Question 45

The result of gel electrophoresis is a unique pattern of bands called a genetic __________

Answer 45

Fingerprint

Question 46

__________ chromosomes contain the same genes in the same locations; we get one from each parent

Answer 46

Homologous

Question 47

[Diploid/haploid] cells contain homologous pairs of chromosomes

Answer 47

Diploid

Question 48

[Diploid/haploid] cells contain only one of each chromosome

Answer 48

Haploid

Question 49

All body cells except sperm and egg cells are [diploid/haploid]

Answer 49

Diploid

Question 50

Only sperm and egg cells are [diploid/haploid]

Answer 50

Haploid

Question 51

In humans, the number of diploid chromosomes is ___ (___ pairs)

Answer 51

46; 23

Question 52

In humans, the number of haploid chromosomes is ___ (no pairs)

Answer 52

23

Question 53

The number of diploid chromosomes can be written as ___

Answer 53

2n

Question 54

The number of haploid chromosomes can be written as ___

Answer 54

n

Question 55

Mitosis produces

Answer 55

Identical copies of somatic cells

Question 56

Meiosis produces

Answer 56

Unique gametes

Question 57

Mitosis is responsible for

Answer 57

Growth and healing

Question 58

Meiosis is responsible for

Answer 58

Making egg and sperm

Question 59

Mitosis produces two __________ daughter cells

Answer 59

Diploid

Question 60

Meiosis produces four __________ daughter cells

Answer 60

Haploid

Question 61

Meiosis goes through the PMAT phases __________ time(s)

Answer 61

Two

Question 62

Meiosis 1

Answer 62

A reduction division occurs: chromosome number is halved from 2n to n and there are now two cells

Question 63

Metaphase 1 (in meiosis)

Answer 63

Homologous pairs line up at the equator in tetrads (tetra=4; 4 sister chromatids)

Question 64

Anaphase 1 (in meiosis)

Answer 64

Homologous pairs are separated

Question 65

Telophase 1 (in meiosis)

Answer 65

Cell divides via cytokinesis forming two daughter cells

Question 66

In Meiosis II, ___ cells are splitting into ___

Answer 66

2; 4

Question 67

When homologous chromosomes pair into tetrads during prophase/metaphase of meiosis I, __________ may occur

Answer 67

Crossing over

Question 68

Crossing over

Answer 68

Chromosomes come into contact during meiosis and equivalent crossed sections are exchanged

Question 69

Trait

Answer 69

A physical characteristic encoded by a gene

Question 70

Dominant

Answer 70

Type of allele that my mask the effect of others

Question 71

Recessive

Answer 71

Type of allele that is masked by dominant alleles

Question 72

Homozygous

Answer 72

When an individual has two alleles of the same type (like BB or bb)

Question 73

Heterozygous

Answer 73

When an individual has one of each alleles (like Bb)

Question 74

Phenotype

Answer 74

Physical appearance of a trait (like purple or small)

Question 75

Genotype

Answer 75

Genetic makeup (alleles, like Bb or BB)

Question 76

Monohybrid cross

Answer 76

Genetic cross for a single trait

Question 77

Dihybrid cross

Answer 77

Genetic cross for two traits at once (like fur length AND fur color)

Question 78

To set up a __________ cross, first determine possible gamete combinations using FOIL Parent 1--> (B b N n) x (B B n n) <--Parent 2

Answer 78

Dihybrid

Question 79

Incomplete dominance

Answer 79

Neither allele is dominant (like rr or rw) (red flower + white flower = pink flower)

Question 80

Codominance

Answer 80

Both alleles are dominant (like RR or RW) (Red flower + White flower = Spotted flower

Question 81

Sex-linked traits

Answer 81

Found only on X or Y chromosomes, but not on both

Question 82

Colorblindness and hemophilia are __________ traits

Answer 82

X-linked, recessive traits

Question 83

In human blood type, type A (I^A) and type B (I^B) are __________ to each other

Answer 83

Codominant

Question 84

In human blood type, type O (i) is __________ to the others

Answer 84

Recessive

Question 85

If someone's blood type is O,they can give blood to __________

Answer 85

Anyone

Question 86

No one can receive AB+ blood except __________

Answer 86

Other AB+ individuals

Question 87

Someone with A+ blood can receive __________

Answer 87

A+, A-, O+, and O-

Question 88

On a pedigree chart, a square represents a __________

Answer 88

Male

Question 89

On a pedigree chart, a circle represents a __________

Answer 89

Female