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PSYCH 350 > Unit 7: Memory Illusions, Recovered Memories > Flashcards

Unit 7: Memory Illusions, Recovered Memories Flashcards

1
Q

What is the background on DRM research?

A

the “Hot Topic” in memory

spawned from the recovered memory controversy

additional evidence for “productive” memory errors – errors of commission

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2
Q

What are the issues with DRM research?

A

what causes the FMs?

how (and when) are CLs (critical lures) correctly rejected?

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3
Q

What is the activation-monitoring theory proposed by Roediger and colleagues?

A

in general: word processing causes activation to spread related words in a semantic network

at study: activation spreads from list items to CL

at test: S encounters highly “primed” CL

source monitoring: misattributes CL activation to prior exposure

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4
Q

What were the methods in the Robinson & Roediger (1997) study on number of presented associates?

A

24 list
15 words/list
study time: 2 s/word
associates presented first, then fillers

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5
Q

What were the results in the Robinson & Roediger (1997) study on number of presented associates?

A

false memories increase as number of associates increases

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6
Q

What were the methods of the McDermott (1996) study on the effect of blocking on CLs?

A

3 DRM lists
15 words/list
study time: 2 s/word

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7
Q

What were the results in the Robinson & Roediger (1997) study on number of presented associates?

A

blocking increases false memories

blocking increases hits

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8
Q

What are the empirical problems with A-M theory?

A

AM theory incorrectly predicts factors that increase hit rates will also increase FAs for CLs

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9
Q

What are the theoretical problems with A-M theory?

A

time course at odds with semantic priming

monitoring assumes FM requires very frequent errors of commission

implication: reality monitoring very unreliable

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10
Q

What are the two main assumptions of the list-gist/recollection failure approach?

A
  1. gist extended during study and represented without external detail
  2. recollection failure (i.e. the absence of recollective information in the presence of high familiarity) is sometimes treated as a memory cue
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11
Q

What is List-Gist extraction?

A

during study: effort-after-meaning –> gist extraction

gist represented in memory, without external detail

gist reflects generalized meaning

similarity between gist and CL meaning, a matter of degree

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12
Q

What is the relationship between list-gist extraction and false memories?

A

probability that gist will be extracted and/or that gist is relative to the meaning of CL is dependent on:

number of related words (list length effect)
degree of association
proximity of related words (blocking)

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13
Q

What is recollection failure?

A

occurs when: (gist approximately equal) + NO recollection

recollection common: recollection failure –> NEW
recollection uncommon: recollection failure –> OLD

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14
Q

What is a dual-process and weighted cued account of recollection failure?

A
  1. low familiarity –> NEW
  2. recollection –> OLD
  3. high familiarity –> ??
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15
Q

What is the definition of recollection failure?

A

when recollection list is very common, the absence of recollection indicates item is “new”

when recollection list is very rare, the absence of recollection has no bearing in recognition decision (which will be drive by familiarity)

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16
Q

What were the general predictions about recollection failure and false memories?

A

factors that increase recollection, decrease FMs

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17
Q

What were the methods of the Gallo & Roediger (2002) study on the effect of study time on CLs?

A

16 DRM lists
15 words/list

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18
Q

What were the results of the Gallo & Roediger (2002) study on the effect of study time on CLs?

A

FM decrease with study time
hits increase with study time

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19
Q

What were the methods of the Benjamin (2001) study on the effect of repetition on CLs?

A

20 DRM lists
8 words/list
study time: 4s/word

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20
Q

What were the results of the Benjamin (2001) study on the effect of repetition on CLs?

A

FM decrease with repetition
hits increase with repetition

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21
Q

What were the methods of the Schacter, Israel, & Racine study on the effect of presentation format on CLs?

A

14 DRM lists
12 words/list
study time: 1.5s/word
presentation: auditory with either printed word or picture

22
Q

What were the results of the Schacter, Israel, & Racine study on the effect of presentation format on CLs?

A

FM decreased in picture presentation condition

23
Q

What were the findings about recollection failure and false memories?

A

factors increase gist = CL meaning, increase FMs

factors increase list-item recollection, decrease FMs

supports List-Gist Recollection Failure Account

24
Q

What is the background of the recovered memory controversy?

A

adults report “recovering” forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA)

memories often recovered during therapy

profound emotional and legal repercussions

25
What are the assumptions of the recovered memory controversy?
traumatic memories can be repressed/suppressed recovery techniques produce valid memories of real events recovering forgotten CSA memories has therapeutic value
26
What are the questions regarding the assumptions of the recovered memory controversy?
do/can people repress/suppress memories of CSA? can recovery techniques produce false memories? does memory recovering CSA memories have therapeutic value?
27
What were the relevant phenomena to recovered memories that were proposed by Lindsay & Read (1994)?
misinformation effect: blend facts and suggestion source amnesia: forget source of information imperfect reality monitoring: mistaking imagined events for real ones reconstruction: past events reconstructed from fragmentary details and schematic knowledge
28
What are the recovery techniques that are employed in clinical practice when CSA is suspected?
guided imagery hypnosis dream interpretation survivors' groups uncritical acceptance of claims
29
What are false memories of CSA?
"memory recovery techniques may lead some clients to create illusory memories" imagined and/or suggested events can take on a realistic vividness and detail with extensive memory work
30
What are the steps of creating false memories of CSA?
step 1: create CSA story step 2: elaborate on CSA story (suggestion, imagery, interpretation, hypnosis, social facilitation) step 3: forget or mistake origin of CSA story (source amnesia, failed reality monitoring) implication: it should be possible to create FM in the lab
31
What was the goal of the Hyman et al. (1995) study on implanting FMs with narratives?
can FMs be implanted using clinical techniques
32
What were the methods of the Hyman et al. (1995) study on implanting FMs with narratives?
preparation: solicit event descriptions from parents materials: 3 "real" event descriptions 1 "false" event description (spill punch bowl at wedding)
33
What was the procedure of the Hyman et al. (1995) study on implanting FMs with narratives?
phase 1: recall as much as possible about each event and continue to reflect outside of lab 2-day delay phase 2: repeat procedure phase 3: repeat procedure
34
What were the results of the Hyman et al. (1995) study on implanting FMs with narratives?
true memories increase across phases false memories increase across phases phase 2 FM = 25% accessing background knowledge predicts FM FMs for 11 or 30 Ss who accessed background knowledge FM for 2 or 20 Ss who did not access background knowledge
35
What was the implication of the Hyman et al. (1995) study on implanting FMs with narratives?
suggestion + background knowledge + source confusion = FM
36
What was the method of the Wade, Garry, Read, Lindsay (2002) study on creating FMs with photos?
3 "real" childhood photos 1 doctored childhood photo
37
What was the task in the Wade, Garry, Read, Lindsay (2002) study on creating FMs with photos?
recall as much as possible three phase about 1 week apart
38
What were the results for false photos in the Wade, Garry, Read, Lindsay (2002) study on creating FMs with photos?
1st interview: 30% FMs 3rd interview: 50% FM
39
What was the conclusion of the Wade, Garry, Read, Lindsay (2002) study on creating FMs with photos?
photos compiling for support of generating false event and accept false memory
40
What are the three stages required to implant FMs proposed by Hyman and Loftus (1998)?
1. plausibility assessment/acceptance: source (family, experts) and content (likelihood, consequentiality) 2. memory construction (creation of a plausible imagined event): actively relate proposed event to self-knowledge, imagery, journaling, dream interpretation 3. source monitoring error: situational/social demands, delay, repetition
41
What were the methods in the Williams (1994) prospective study?
participants: 129 women contacted 17 years after reported sexual abuse age at report: 10 months to 12 years task: 3 hour interview --> questions about sexual history, but the index event not specifically probed
42
What were the results of the Williams (1994) prospective study?
38% failed to report index evet: suggest repression-based forgetting of CSA very common victim-perpetrator relation affected % who could remember: by stranger (82%) > by relative (53%) recall increased as degree of force increase younger victims less likely to recall event
43
What is a decomposing of the non-responses in the Williams (1994) prospective study?
38% failed to report index event but: 68% (33/49) of non-responders report other abuse non-repression based explanations: schematization, retrieval (motivational) failure, coding mismatch thus, "pure" failure to report CSA relatively uncommon: (8.5%) "failure to report" may reflect: unwillingness to disclose or forgetting
44
What are replications of the Williams (1994) prospective study?
Goodman et al. (2003): n = 168 failure to report = 10% Alexander et al. (2005): memory for CSA increased with severity of trauma
45
What are the three views on repressed and false memory?
repressed memory view: Traumatic Dissociative Amnesia underlies ALL recovered memories false memory view: ALL recovered memories are implanted middle ground: CSA events can be forgotten and later recalled, repression/dissociative processes not required/involved
46
What are the three states of CSA memory according to the middle ground view?
1. continuous memory discontinuous memories: 2. spontaneous recovery 3. during-therapy recovery
47
What is the evidence for the middle ground view?
corroborated case studies exist between-group corroboration rates 45% --> continuous group 37% --> spontaneous group 0% --> recall in therapy group rated-surprise: spontaneous >> recalled-in-therapy
48
What is the model nature of a recovered abuse event in spontaneous recovery in McNally (2007)?
victim's age: 7 or 8 non-violent molestation perpetrator: close relative (recalled) initial reaction: "confused and upset, but not terrified", "not fully understood as sexual abuse"
49
What is the "normal" spontaneous recovery of CSA?
Time 1: CSA little understood/discussed, CSA "forgotten" like other past events Time 2: context-cued recovery of CSA event, CSA understood as abuse, leading to "intense emotional distress"
50
What are the assumptions of the logic of repression?
assumptions: CSA is always traumatic normally, traumatic events are NOT forgotten CSA events sometimes forgotten therefore: 1. forgetting can't be "normal" 2. so a special forgetting process must evoked by CSA
51
What are the assumptions of the logic of "middle ground"?
assumptions: CSA is NOT always traumatic memory for non-traumatic events is normally discontinuous CSA events sometimes forgotten therefore: 1. forgetting can be "normal" 2. so a special forgetting process need NOT be evoked by CSA events
52
What is a summary of the cognitive perspective on recovered memories discussed in lecture?
traumatic events are well remembered continuous memory for CSA is normal CSA can be forgotten and recovered repression/dissociation not required spontaneous CSA memories more credible than recalled-in-therapy memories because, memory recovery techniques can produce false memories

PSYCH 350 (7 decks)

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