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Cell And Molecular Biology > Unit IV > Flashcards

Unit IV Flashcards

1
Q

The DNA itself as first identified by

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

Friedrich Miescher first called DNA as

A

Nuclein

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3
Q

He named the three major components of a single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base)

A

Phoebus Lavene

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4
Q

He named the other DNA molecules, and develop the Chargaff’s rule

A

Erwin Chargaff

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5
Q

They won the nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 1962

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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6
Q

He discovered the process of transformation

A

S. Griffith

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7
Q

It is a process where a chemical substance from dead cells can transform living cells

A

Transformation

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8
Q

They showed that dna is the substance that transforms bacteria

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty

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9
Q

They provided the evidence that dna is the genetic material of T2 page

A

Hershey and Chase

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10
Q

Hershey and chase uses E. coli and phage in a experiment called

A

Blender experiment

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11
Q

He is initially a nuclear physicist who developed the x-ray diffraction work on rams sperm and dna form.

A

Maurice Wilkins

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12
Q

He is a grad student will have Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

A

Raymond Gosling

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13
Q

He arranged for a 3-year research fellowship i thought fund Rosalind Franklin in his laboratory

A

J.T. Randall

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14
Q

An english physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert

A

Rosalind Franklin

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15
Q

Rosalind Franklin discovered two forms of DNA

A

“A” form (Dehydrated)
“B” form (Hydrated)

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16
Q

He solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and proposed Wilkins’ x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA.

A

Alec Stokes

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17
Q

It is the image pointed to a helical structure of B form of DNA

A

Photograph 51

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18
Q

What approach did James Watson and Francis Crick do to build the structure of DNA

A

Model Building Approach

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19
Q

He is an American chemist, biochemist, and peace activist. His greatest contribution to science includes the discovery of alpha helix.

A

Linus Pauling

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20
Q

Linus Pauling proposed a ___________ with a sugar phosphate backbone core and nucleic acid bases facing outward.

A

3-Chain Helix

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21
Q

He is an Australian chemist, who pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids.

A

Erwin Chargaff

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22
Q

Who took the definitive pictures of DNA using X-rays

A

Rosalind Franklin

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23
Q

The name given to the shape of DNA is

A

Double Helix

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24
Q

Which scientists built a 3-D model of the DNA double Helix

A

Watson and Crick

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25
The sugar found in DNA
Deoxyribose
26
The DNA monomers are called
Nucleotide
27
Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called
Replication
28
Chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called
Genes
29
It stores the directions for making protein
Gene
30
What are the three simple molecular parts of a nucleotide monomer
Deoxyribose sugar phosphate group Nitrogenous base
31
Two strands of the helix run in opposite directions
Antiparallel Orientation
32
The nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by
Hydrogen bonds
33
This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome
Complementary base pairing
34
Why does the Adenine and Thymine are pairs?
Adenine and Thymine each have one donor and one acceptor
35
Why does cytosine and guanine are pairs?
Cytosine has one donor and two acceptor and Guanine has one acceptor and two donors
36
Replication produces two identical dna double helixes each with one new and one old strand. This means that dna replication is
Semiconservative
37
What do you call when a strand has old and new strands
Dispersive strand
38
Replication always starts at the specific locations on the dna
Origins of replication
39
In E. coli origin is about ______ base pairs long
245
40
Is the Y-shaped structures forming replication bubbles
Replication forks
41
It is the experiment where they proved that DNA replication is semiconservative
Meselson-Stahl experiment
42
It unwinds parental double helix at replication fork
Helicase
43
It relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and the rejoining dna strand
TopoIsomerase
44
Binds to and destabilizes single-stranded dna until it is used as a template
Single-strand binding protein
45
Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5'end of leading strand and that 5' end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand
Primase
46
Using parental dna as a template, synthesizes new dna strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand
DNA pol III
47
Removes rna nucleotides of primer from 5' end and places them with DNA nucleotides. Corrects the primers
DNA pol I
48
Joins okazaki fragments of lagging strand on leading strand, joins 3' end of dna that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA
DNA Ligase
49
It removes the nucleotides from 5' to 3'
Exonuclease
50
What are the importance of dna replication
1. Makes an exact copy 2. DNA must be replicated every time a cell divides 3. Ensures that the correct genetic information is passed on from cell to cell and generation to generation 4. Errors in replication can cause mutation does replication is high fidelity 5. It is essential for the continuation of life
51
What are the components of rna
Ribose Phosphate Nitrogenous bases
52
What are the process of rna synthesis or transcription
Initiation stage Elongation stage Termination stage Addition of 5' and 3' poly A tail Intron Splicing
53
It is the origin or recognition site to start the rna synthesis
Promoter region
54
It is used to synthesize an rna segments
RNA polymerase
55
It is the stage where the rna polymerase slides along the template dna strand
Elongation stage
56
This is where the rna polymerase dissociates
Termination stage
57
It is the protein coding regions
Exons
58
It is the protein non-coding regions
Introns
59
They are added to the both ends of the rna
5' cap and 3' poly A tail
60
It is a complex made up of protein and RNA, that removes introns
Spliceosome
61
This process produces polypeptide
Translation
62
How many codons is there in the genetic code
64
63
What is the start codon
AUG (Methionine)
64
What are the stop codon
UGA, UAG, UAA
65
What are the stages in translation process
Initiation stage Elongation process Termination stage
66
It receives the incoming amino acid
A site (Aminoacyl tRNA binding site)
67
This is where the peptide bond between amino acid formed
P site (Peptidyl tRNA binding site)
68
It is the exit site of uncharged tRNA
E-site
69
This is where the elongation stops when it reaches the stop codons
Termination stage
70
What are the gene repairs
Base mismatches and mismatch repair Base excision repair Nucleotide excision repair
71
What are the two mechanism for double-strand break
Homologous recombination Non-homologous end joining
72
It uses undamaged template to repair enzyme interlace
Homologous recombination
73
What are the application of cell and molecular biology
Cell and tissue culture Dna-based technologies
74
It refers to the removal of cells, tissues or organs from an animal or plant and their subsequent placement into artificial environment conductive to growth.
Tissue culture
75
It is the removal of cells from a mammal or an animal and the subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment
Cell culture
76
It is the sequencing, analysis and cutting-and-pasting of DNA
DNA technology
77
What are the uses of information in gene expression
Gene information describing the crop penology Prediction of crop growth status under stress Evaluation of the effects of fertilizers
78
It is used to add, remove or alter DNA in the genome
Genome editing
79
What are the uses of genetic engineering
Plant protection Molecular design breeding Quality improvements
80
What are the common dna markers
Single nucleotide polymorphism Random amplified polymorphic dna Amplified fragment length polymorphism Single sequence repeats, single tandem repeat, microsatellite
81
It is an in vitro process which aims to make many copies of dna region
Polymerase chain reaction
82
Application of dna marker analysis in rice researches
1. Gene mapping, cloning and marker-assisted breeding 2. Cultivar identification and analysis of seed purity 3. Evaluation of germplasm resource

Cell And Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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