Upper Limb 1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What 2 major structures can the body be divided into?
A
Main body (head, neck + trunk)
The appendages (pair upper and lower limbs)
2
Q
What 2 major parts is the skeleton divided into?
A
Axial skeleton (part of the main body of the head, neck and trunk)
Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs including the bones forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdle)
3
Q
General function of the upper limbs?
A
Position the hand for manipulation and grip activities
4
Q
General function of the lower limbs?
A
Support the body weight, locomotion + maintain balance
5
Q
What are the upper limbs connected to the trunk by?
A
The left and right sternoclavicular joints
6
Q
What type of joints are sternoclavicular joints?
A
True joints
7
Q
Which joints connect the upper limb to the trunk and what type of joint is each one?
A
Left and right sterno-clavicular joints → True joints
Left and right scapulo-thoracic joints → Virtual or physiological joints
8
Q
What is the true attachment of the upper limb with the trunk?
A
Manubrium
9
Q
What are the scapulothoracic joint movements?
A
Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall
10
Q
Which joints connect the lower limb to the trunk (axial skeleton)?
A
Sacroilliac joint
11
Q
What type of joint is a sacro-iliac joint?
A
Synovial joint (relatively immobile joint)
12
Q
What is the upper limb divided into?
A
- Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
- The arm
- The forearm
- The hand
13
Q
What is the clavicle?
A
Collar bone that connects the upper limb with the trunk
14
Q
What does the clavicle articulate with at its medial end?
A
The manubrium (superior part of the sternum)
15
Q
What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?
A
Scapular acromion
16
Q
Why does the clavicle have a number of small bony features?
A
Where muscles and ligaments can attach
17
Q
Purpose of the clavicle?
A
Act as a movable strut supporting the scapula and the rest of the upper limb which are suspended from it.
Also a site of muscle attachment.
18
Q
Label this diagram
A
19
Q
Label this diagram of clavicle
A
20
Q
What is the scapula?
A
Flat triangular bone with a number of bony features that are sites of attachments for muscles and ligaments
21
Q
What part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
A
The acromion
22
Q
Important attachment point for muscles in the superior scapula?
A
Coracoid process which protrudes anteriorly
23
Q
What is the glenoid fossa?
A
Shallow cut-like depression in a widened region of lateral scapula (socket for ball and socket shoulder joint)
24
Q
What is the scapula spine?
A
Ridge of bone dividing the posterior scapula into infraspinatus and supraspinatus fossa -> lateral end =acromion
25
What is the subscapula fossa?
Anterior surface of the scapula closest to the chest wall
26
What does the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulate with?
With the humeral head (proximal end of the humerus bone)
27
What is another word for shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral joint
28
Label this image of the scapula
A- Acromion
C - Coracoid process
G - Glenoid fossa
Sp - Scapular spine
S - Supraspinous fossa
I - Infraspinous fossa
29
Label this image
Glenoid fossa
30
What is the largest bone of the upper limb?
Humerus - bone of the arm
31
Describe the humerus
Long bone with a fairly straight shaft which has expanded at both its proximal and distal ends where it forms articular structures and sites for muscle attachments
Proximal end - head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa
Distal end - has 2 separate articulations (radius and ulna)
32
What forms the elbow joint?
The humerus articulates distally with the radius and the ulna to form the elbow joint
33
Label this diagram of the upper skeleton
34
What does the radius and ulna articulate with distally?
Proximal row of karpal bones at the wrist joint
35
What are the radius and ulna connected by?
Interossesous membrane (sheet fibrous connective tissue)
36
What is the interosseous membrane?
Sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Structure contributes to general stability of arrangement and also acts as a site of muscle attachment
37
What is the radial tuberosity?
Bony feature that is an important attachment site for the tendon of the biceps muscle
38
Which 2 bones form the forearm?
Radius and ulna
39
Which forearm bone is lateral?
Radius
40
Which forearm bone is medial?
Ulna
41
What 3 bone types form the hand?
Carpal bones
Metacarpal
Phalanges
42
What are the 2 ends of the clavicle?
Acromial end
Sternal end
43
What is the sternal end of the clavicle?
Larger facet for articulation with the thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium of the sternum
44
Which joint of the scapula articulates with the humerus?
Glenohumeral
45
Which joint does the clavicle articulate with, with the scapula?
Acromioclavicular joint
46
Which two fossa's form the posterior aspect the scapula?
Supraspinous
Infraspinous
47
How is the supraspinous and the infraspinous fossa's divided?
Divided by the scapular spine
48
Which scapular structure is continuous with the acromion?
Scapular spine
49
Which fossa does the head of the humerus articulate with?
Glenoid fossa
50
Which structures does the humerus articulate with distally?
Head of the radius and the trochlear notch of the ulna
51
Which tubules are found on the proximal humeral head?
Lesser and greater tubercles
52
What sulcus run between the two tubercles of the humerus?
Inter-tubercular sulcus
53
Where is the greater tubercle located on the humerus?
Laterally of the head
54
What is the function of the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Provides an attachment site for the three rotator cuff muscles: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
55
How many carpal bones are there?
8 small bones arranged as 2 rows of 4 as proximal and distal rows.
56
What is the purpose of the lateral humerus shaft and the deltoid tuberosity?
Provides point of attachment of the deltoid muscle
57
What are the distal humeral projections?
The medial and lateral epicondyles
58
Where does the ulna bone reside?
Resides medially and parallel to the radius, acts as a stabilising bone, with the radius pivoting to produce movement
59
What does the ulna articulate with at its proximal end?
Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus; enables movement at the elbow joint, the ulna has a specialised structure with bony projections for muscle attachment
60
What does the proximal row of the carpal bones articulate with?
All articulate with the distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist joint (except for the pisiform - sesamoid bone)
61
What does the distal row of the carpal bones articulate with?
Proximal ends of the metacarpal bones (bases of the metacarpals)
62
What are the metacarpal bones?
Small, long bones forming the skeleton of the palmar region of the hand
63
What do the metacarpals articulate with?
Articulate at their base with the distal row of carpals
Their heads (knuckles) articulate with the proximal phalanges
64
What are the phalanges?
The bones of digits
65
How many phalanges are in each digit?
The thumb has 2 phalanges (proximal + distal)
The other digits have 3
66
Structure of the phalanges?
Each phalanx has a proximal base, shaft and distal head
67
What do the carpals articulate with?
The proximal row articulate with distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist joint
Distal row articulates with the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones
Carpal bones also articulate with their neighbours in their rows + the other row
68
How is the arrangement of carpal articulations advantageous?
Allows flexibility of the wrist region
69
Label this diagram of the bones of the hand
70
What are the joints classified by?
- Structural properties
- Mobility
71
What do the metacarpals articulate with?
Distal carpals at their base and with proximal phalanges at their distal heads (knuckles)
72
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints + explain what each type is?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
73
Explain what fibrous joints are?
bones connected by fibrous connective tissues e.g. cranial sutures + syndesmosis in the forearm
74
What is a syndesmosis?
an immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue (e.g. between the fibula and tibia at the ankle).
75
Explain what a cartilaginous joint is?
Bones connected with cartilage e.g. pubic symphysis
Primary - synchondrosis, connected by hyaline cartilage
Secondary - symphysis, connected by fibrocartilage - mainly in midline of the body
76
What is symphysis?
fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones
77
What is sychondrosis?
an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the spinal vertebrae.
78
Explain what is meant by synovial joint?
Articulation surrounded by an enclosing synovial capsule; bones not directly connected at the joint surfaces, but strengthened by surrounding structures.
Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage (translucent)
79
What are epiphyseal plates + where can they be observed?
Temporary cartilaginous joints that allow bone growth
Observed in the bones of babies, children + young adults
80
How long do epiphyseal plates remain cartilaginous?
Until they ossify
81
What are the 3 types of synovial joints + explain?
Uniaxial - movement in one direction e.g. hinge joint
Biaxial - movement in two directions e.g. saddle joints
Multiaxial - movement on several axes e.g. ball and socket joint
82
What are hinge joints?
Permits movement in one plane- flexion and extension (Elbow joint, ankle and knee joint).
83
What are saddle joints?
Saddle shaped heads permite movement in two different planes **Biaxial**
84
What are condyloid joints?
Permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction
## Footnote
**Biaxial**
85
What are plane joints?
Permits gliding or sliding movements
## Footnote
**Uniaxial**
86
What are pivot joints?
A rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation
**Uniaxial**
87
What are ball and socket joints?
A rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes
## Footnote
**Multiaxial**
88
Example of pivot joint?
Atlanto-axial joint
89
Example of a ball and socket joint
Acetabulum of hip bone (head of femur)
90
Example of a plane joint?
Acromioclavicular joint
91
Example of hinge joint?
Elbow joint
92
Example of saddle joint?
carpometacarpal
93
Example of condyloid joint?
Metacarpophalangeal joint
94
What is synarthosis?
Little or no mobility e.g. fibrous joints like skull sutures
95
What is amphiarthosis?
Limited mobility e.g. fibrocartilaginous joitns such as pubic symphysis
96
What is diarthosis?
Freely mobile, many joints
97
What is the principle of mobility and stability?
Principle of mobility and stability: The more moveable a joint is, the more unstable it becomes. The shape of the articulating part of the bones would provide insufficient support and independent stability.
98
What is a ligament?
Collagenous connective tissues linking bones
99
What is a tendon?
Collagenous connective tissues linking bone with muscles
100
What is the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) + what does it attach?
Pectoral girdle + synovial saddle joint
Attaches upper limb to trunk
101
What is the function of sternoclavicular joint?
Significant mobility during clavicle elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula.
102
What structure helps to stabilise the SCJ?
Ligaments also limit + prevent unwanted movement
103
What is acromioclavicular joint?
Lateral end of the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula
Synovial plane joint
Joint cavity that contains incomplete fibrocartilage plate
104
What structure stabilises the ACJ?
Ligaments and muscles stabilise joint and limit movement
105
What joint is shown here?
106
What type of joint is glenohumeral joint?
Ball and socket
Synovial joiont
107
What is the glenoid fossa?
Socket of the glenohumeral joint
Shallow -\> deepened by cartilaginous labrum (lip or rim)
108
What does the humeral head articulate with?
Glenoid fossa of the scapula
109
What muscle stabilises the shoulder joint?
Rotator cuff group
110
How is the glenohumeral joint stabilised?
Joint stability is provided by the rotator cuff muscles attached to greater tubercle of humerus, long head of biceps brachii muscle and extra capular ligaments
111
Label this diagram of the glenohumeral joint
112
What are scapulothoracic joint movements?
Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall
113
What is another term for scapulothoracic joint?
Virtual or physiological joint
114
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial joint
115
What are the articulations of the elbow joint?
Head of radius and capitlum
Trochlea notch of ulna and trochlea
Closely associated with proximal radio-ulnar joint (for pronation and supination) -\> radial notch of ulna and head of radius
116
Label this diagram of elbow at humerus and ulna + radius
117
What movement occurs at proximal radioulnar joint?
Pronation and supination -\> radius is rotated at its head here so shaft crosses the ulna
118
What type of movement is the elbow joint involved in?
Hinge-like flexion and extension of the forearm on the arm
119
Where does flexion and extension occur?
The pair of condyles on the distal humerus are the capitulum and the trochlea
120
How many fossae do the humerus have?
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
(superior to the condyles)
121
What happens when the forearm is flexed?
Radial fossa accomodates head of radius
Coronoid fossa accommodates ulnar coronoid process
122
Label this diagram of the elbow joint + what does the way the bones fit together at extension mean?
Means that further extension is limited
123
What articulations form the wrist (radio-carpal joint)?
Articulation between the distal end of the radius and three of the proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate + triquetrum)
124
Which bone in the proximal row of carpal bones doesn't participate in the wrist joint?
Pisiform carpal bone
125
Does the distal end of the ulna form part of the wrist joint?
No, BUT the ulna articulates with the articular disc, which in turn articulates with the carpals.
126
Is the articular disc that articulates with the distal end of the ulna visible in x ray?
No
127
What are the joints of the hand?
Intercarpal joints and carpometacarpal joints
128
Label the joints of the hand and explain their articulations
Intercarpal joints - Articulation between the carpal bones and the proximal and distal rows and also between those within rows.
Carpometacarpal joints - Articulations between the distal row of carpal bones and the bases of the metacarpals.
All of these joints are synovial and mainly plain joints.
Exception → The first carpometacarpal joint → Saddle joint → provides greater mobility required for the thumb.
129
What type of joint is the thumb?
1st carpal metacarpal joint (saddle joint) that allows for greater mobility required for thumb
130
What is the articulation between the metacarpals and the phalanges known as?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
131
What are the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Synovial condylar joints that allow a wide range of movement
132
What limits the wide range of movement of metacarpophalangeal joints?
Limited by ligaments
133
What are the articulations between the phalanges called?
Interphalangeal joints
134
What are the interphalangeal joints?
Synovial hinge joints capable of flexion and extension only
135
Why are the interphalangeal joints only capable of flexion and extension?
Movements are limited by tough ligaments (particularly the collateral ligaments which are the ligaments connecting the phalanges at lateral medial sites)
136
Label this diagram of finger joints
137
What are limb muscles divided into?
Compartments
138
What do compartments tend to have in common?
Distinct function
Same nerve and blood supply
Tend to be separated by connective tissue septae (walls)
139
What set of muscles are involved in moving the arm and the shoulder?
```
Pectoral Girdle (axioappendicular muscles) - act on both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
Intrinsic Shoulder Muscles (scapulohumeral muscles)
```
140
What are scapulohumeral muscles?
Muscles mostly acting between scapula and humerus to move arm of the shoulder joint
141
142
4 rotator cuff muscles?
○ Teres Minor
○ Supraspinatus
○ Infraspinatus
○ Subscapularis (deep surface of
the scapula, not visible)
143
Label the image
144
What is the structure?
Scapula spine
145
Label the image
146
What is the structure?
Coracoid process
147
Label the image
148
Label the image
