Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 1

What is the larynx?

Answer 1

The voicebox

Question 2

Features of the nasal cavity mucosa

Answer 2

Very vascular

Ciliated

Question 3

Divisions of the nasal mucosa

Answer 3

Olfactory

Respiratory

Question 4

Features of respiratory nasal mucosa

Answer 4

Stratified columnar epithelium

Ciliated

Question 5

Vestibule

Answer 5

Nostril hole

Question 6

What lines the lateral walls of the nose?

Answer 6

Tubinates (3 bones)

Question 7

3 bones lining the lateral walls of the nose

Answer 7

Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha

Question 8

Role of turbinates

Answer 8

Produce turbulance in inspired air

This keeps air in the nose for longer, warms and humidifies air

Question 9

Space beneath each concha

Answer 9

Meatus

Question 10

What do the meati open into?

Answer 10

Paranasal sinuses

Question 11

Paranasal sinuses
1)
2)
3)
4)

Answer 11

1) Frontal sinuses
2) Ethmoid sinuses
3) Sphenoid sinuses
4) Maxillary sinuses

Question 12

Mucosa of the sinuses

Answer 12

Share with nose

Very vascularised, innervated

Question 13

Why are problems with the frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses easily resolved?

Answer 13

Above nose, so drain into nose with gravity

Question 14

Why are problems with the maxillary sinuses hard to resolve?

Answer 14

Nose connects with maxillary sinus at top of sinus, so hard to drain with gravity

Question 15

Anterior boundary of oral cavity

Answer 15

Lips

Question 16

Superior boundary of oral cavity
1)
2)
3)

Answer 16

1) Maxilla
2) Palatine bone (hard palate)
3) Uvola (soft palate)

Question 17

Inferior boundary of oral cavity
1)
2)

Answer 17

1) Mandible

2) Myohyoid muscle

Question 18

Features of anterior 2/3 of toungue

Answer 18

Papillae

Papillae house taste buds

Question 19

Features of posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 19

Lingual tonsil (immune tissue)

Question 20

Structure dividing anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 20

Sulcus terminalis

Question 21

Types of papillae
1)
2)
3)
4)

Answer 21

1) Fungiform (mid-tongue)
2) Vallate (along sulcus terminalis)
3) Foliate (lateral tongue)
4) Filiform (don’t house taste buds)

Question 22

Types of tongue muscles

Answer 22

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Question 23

Number of teeth in a normal perosn

Answer 23

32

Question 24

Types of teeth

Answer 24

4 incisors
2 canine
4 premolars
6 molars (including 2 wisdom teeth)

Question 25

What is the larynx?

Answer 25

A cartilaginous skeleton

Question 26

Epiglottis

Answer 26

Cartilage disc | Pushed to cover laryngeal inlet during swallwing

Question 27

Orientation of oesophagus and trachea

Answer 27

Trachea is anterior to oesophagus

Question 28

Orientation of thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Answer 28

Thyroid cartilage superior to cricoid cartilage

Question 29

Arytenoid cartilage

Answer 29

Sits posteriorly in trachea Attached anteriorly to posterior end of thyroid cartilage with vocal ligament Articulates with posterior aspect of cricoid cartilage Can swivel on cricoid cartilage to adduct, abduct vocal ligaments

Question 30

Cartilage in larynx 1) 2) 3)

Answer 30

1) Thyroid 2) Cricoid 3) Arytenoid

Question 31

Folds of vocal ligaments 1) 2)

Answer 31

1) Vestibular fold (superior) | 2) Vocal fold

Question 32

Function of vestibular fold

Answer 32

Protects vocal fold

Question 33

Function of vocal fold

Answer 33

Makes sound

Question 34

Abduction of vocal ligaments

Answer 34

Inspiraiton

Question 35

Adduction of vocal ligaments

Answer 35

Phonation

Question 36

Layers of pharynx 1) 2) 3)

Answer 36

1) Nasopharynx 2) Oropharynx 3) Laryngopharynx

Question 37

What is the pharynx?

Answer 37

Sling of muscles that chose off the mouth, nose, larynx

Question 38

Muscles making up the pharynx 1) 2) 3)

Answer 38

1) Superior constrictor muscle 2) Middle constrictor muscle 3) Inferior constrictor muscle

Question 39

Attachment of superior constrictor muscle

Answer 39

``` Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid hamulus Pterygomandibular raphe Mylohyoid line of mandible Side of tongue ```

Question 40

Attachment of middle constrictor muscle

Answer 40

Hyoid bone

Question 41

Attachment of inferior constrictor muscle

Answer 41

Arch of cricoid | Oblique line of thyroid

Question 42

Features in nasopharynx

Answer 42

Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of auditory tube/eustachian tube into middle ear

Question 43

Features in oropharynx

Answer 43

Soft palate Uvula Epiglottis Palatine tonsils

Question 44

Features in laryngopharynx

Answer 44

Epiglottis (boundary between oropharynx and laryngopharynx) Piriform recess

Question 45

What is the piriform recess?

Answer 45

Grooves either side of epiglottis provide a path for water Water isn't heavy enough to depress the epiglottis

Question 46

Insertion of all constrictor muscles

Answer 46

Median raphae of pharynx