Urban Issues and Challenges Whole Topic Flashcards
What is Urbanisation?
The population shift from people living in rural areas to people living in urban areas?
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling
What is Net Migration?
The difference between the number of IMMIGRANTS and the number of EMIGRANTS throughout the year
What is Natural Increase?
The statistic calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate. (growing population of the birth rates are higher than the death rates)
What is a megacity?
Typically a large city with a population of 10 million or more people
What cities were megacities in 1975?
Tokyo, New York and Mexico City
What are some pull factors of URBAN areas?
- Increased Job Opportunities
- Increased pay
- Better standards of living
- Megacity attraction
- Education
- Food supply
- Order and Security
- Better facilities, eg. Hospitals
- Children benefit from better quality of life
What are some push factors of RURAL areas?
- Lack of wealth
- lack of job opportunities to feed family
- Poor lifestyle
- Healthcare is poor
- Natural disasters hit worse
- Pressure of decreasing land
- Hard life, Long hours and little pay
- Little infrastructure
- Workers do not even own the land
- Little government funding and support
What are Favelas?
Informal settlements where rural migrants commonly begin their life in Rio
What are the social challenges of Rio?
Violence, safety concerns, police cannot control gangs, weather hazards, large borders, large population means increased public risk
What is formal economy?
The type of employment where people work to receive a regular wage, pay tax and have certain rights, eg. paid holidays, sickness leave, etc
What is informal economy?
The type of employment out of the official government knowledge, and it involves NO TAX and NO HEALTHCARE
What are the economic opportunities of Rio?
- Second most important industrial centre after Sao Paulo
- Provides 6% of all employment in Brazil
- Growing economic prosperity attracts larger companies
- One of the highest incomes per head
- Growing number of Job opportunities
What are the economic challenges of Rio?
- Unemployment in favelas are over 20%
- Crime is expensive to tackle
- Richest 1% of Rio earns 12% of total income
- Favelas are very poor and often resort to crime
- A lot of money goes towards drugs and trafficking
What are primary industries?
Involves harvesting raw materials, eg. Mining, fishing, farming, etc
