Ureter/Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall

Question 1

What is the muscular tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?

Answer 1

Ureter

Question 2

Is the ureter intra- or retroperitoneal?

Answer 2

Retroperitoneal

Question 3

The ureter descends over what muscle?

Answer 3

Psoas major muscle

Question 4

The ureter is crossed by which vessels?

Answer 4

Gonadal vessels

Question 5

The ureter crosses what structure?

Answer 5

The common iliac artery at its bifurcation

Question 6

Where do the upper and lower parts of the ureter lie, respectively?

Answer 6

Upper - Abdomen, Lower - Pelvis

Question 7

Where are the three constriction locations where kidney stones can become lodged?

Answer 7

Ureteropelvic junction, pelvic brim, and where the ureter enters the wall of the bladder

Question 8

Branches of what five arteries make up the blood supply to the ureter?

Answer 8

Renal artery, gonadal artery, aorta, common iliac artery, superior vesical artery

Question 9

Which branches of the ureter’s blood supply are responsible for the abdominal portion of the ureter?

Answer 9

Renal artery, gonadal artery, aorta, and common iliac artery

Question 10

Which branch of ureter blood supply is responsible for the pelvic portion of the ureter?

Answer 10

Superior vesical artery

Question 11

What is the innervation of the ureter?

Answer 11

Renal plexus and hypogastric plexus

Question 12

The suprarenal glands go by what name in general mammals?

Answer 12

Adrenal glands

Question 13

What part of the suprarenal gland secretes catecholamines?

Answer 13

Medulla

Question 14

What are the catecholamines secreted by the medulla of the suprarenal gland?

Answer 14

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 15

The medulla of the suprarenal gland is also known as what?

Answer 15

Modified sympathetic ganglion

Question 16

What part of the suprarenal gland secretes corticosteroids?

Answer 16

Cortex

Question 17

Can we live without suprarenal glands?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

Is the suprarenal gland intra- or retroperitoneal?

Answer 18

Retroperitoneal

Question 19

The suprarenal gland lies on what aspect of the kidney?

Answer 19

Superomedial

Question 20

What surrounds the suprarenal gland?

Answer 20

A capsule and renal fascia

Question 21

What is Addison’s Disease?

Answer 21

Adrenal hypo function that affects mainly corticosteroid output

Question 22

What is the shape of the right suprarenal gland?

Answer 22

Pyramidal

Question 23

What is the shape of the left suprarenal gland?

Answer 23

Semilunar

Question 24

What is the connection between the suprarenal gland and overall autonomic nerve supply?

Answer 24

Relative to size, it has the largest autonomic nerve supply of any organ

Question 25

What is the arterial blood supply to the suprarenal gland?

Answer 25

Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries

Question 26

From where does the superior suprarenal artery arise?

Answer 26

Inferior phrenic artery

Question 27

From where does the middle suprarenal artery arise?

Answer 27

Aorta

Question 28

From where does the inferior suprarenal artery arise?

Answer 28

Renal artery

Question 29

What is the venous blood supply to the suprarenal gland?

Answer 29

Suprarenal vein

Question 30

To where does the right suprarenal vein drain?

Answer 30

Directly into the inferior vena cava

Question 31

To where does the left suprarenal vein drain?

Answer 31

Into the left renal vein

Question 32

What is the innervation of the suprarenal gland?

Answer 32

Primarily sympathetic from the celiac plexus and thoracic splanchnic nerves

Question 33

Pain from the kidney or suprarenal gland is often referred to what area?

Answer 33

Paralumbar region or flank

Question 34

What is the phrase coined about the pathway of pain from a kidney stone?

Answer 34

"The loin to the groin" (lumbar region to inguinal region)

Question 35

The ureter receives innervation from what cord levels?

Answer 35

T11-L2

Question 36

If kidney pain is accompanied by a high fever, what does that usually mean?

Answer 36

Kidney infection

Question 37

Kidney infections are more common in what gender?

Answer 37

Females

Question 38

Why are kidney infections more prevalent among females?

Answer 38

Due to their shorter urethras

Question 39

What five things make up the abdominal aspect of the diaphragm?

Answer 39

Right crus, left crus, median arcuate ligament, medial arcuate ligament, lateral arcuate ligament

Question 40

A weakness in what area of the abdominal diaphragm may cause hiatal hernia?

Answer 40

Right crus

Question 41

What part of the abdominal diaphragm originates from the upper three lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 41

Right crus

Question 42

The right crus splits to surround what structure?

Answer 42

Esophagus

Question 43

What part of the abdominal diaphragm originates from the upper two lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 43

Left crus

Question 44

Which crus of the abdominal diaphragm is shorter and smaller?

Answer 44

Left

Question 45

What part of the abdominal diaphragm is a thickening of fascia which connects the body of the 1st lumbar vertebra to the transverse process of the 1st lumbar vertebra?

Answer 45

Medial arcuate ligament

Question 46

What part of the abdominal diaphragm is a thickening of fascia which connects the right crus to the left crus?

Answer 46

Median arcuate ligament

Question 47

The median arcuate ligament forms the border of what structure?

Answer 47

Aortic hiatus

Question 48

The medial arcuate ligament passes over what structures?

Answer 48

Psoas major muscle and sympathetic trunk

Question 49

What part of the abdominal diaphragm is a thickening of fascia which connects the transverse process of the 1st lumbar vertebra to the 12th rib?

Answer 49

Lateral arcuate ligament

Question 50

The lateral arcuate ligament passes over what muscle?

Answer 50

Quadratus lumborum

Question 51

What is the origin of the psoas major?

Answer 51

Transverse processes and bodies of T12-L5 and corresponding intervertebral discs

Question 52

What is the insertion of the psoas major?

Answer 52

Lesser trochanter

Question 53

What is the innervation of psoas major?

Answer 53

Lumbar nerves 1-3

Question 54

What is the function of psoas major?

Answer 54

Flexes thigh, flexes trunk

Question 55

What is the origin of psoas minor?

Answer 55

Bodies and intervertebral discs of T12-L1

Question 56

What is the insertion of psoas minor?

Answer 56

Pecten pubis, iliopubic eminence

Question 57

What is the innervation of psoas minor?

Answer 57

1st lumbar nerve

Question 58

What is the function of psoas minor?

Answer 58

Flexes trunk

Question 59

The psoas minor muscle is found in what percentage of the population?

Answer 59

60%

Question 60

Why doesn't the psoas minor have any effect on flexing the thigh?

Answer 60

It doesn't cross the joint

Question 61

What is the origin of the iliacus muscle?

Answer 61

Iliac fossa, iliac crest, ala of sacrum

Question 62

What is the insertion of the iliacus muscle?

Answer 62

Lesser trochanter via tendon of psoas major

Question 63

What is the innervation of the iliacus muscle?

Answer 63

Branches of femoral nerve (L2, L3)

Question 64

What is the function of the iliacus muscle?

Answer 64

Flexes thigh, tilts pelvis forward

Question 65

How is the psoas sign performed?

Answer 65

Thigh is flexed against resistance (positive if pain present)

Question 66

What does positive right psoas pain suggest?

Answer 66

Acute appendicitis

Question 67

What is the origin of quadratus lumborum?

Answer 67

Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest

Question 68

What is the insertion of quadratus lumborum?

Answer 68

12th rib, transverse processes of L1-4

Question 69

What is the innervation of quadratus lumborum?

Answer 69

Subcostal nerve, lumbar nerves 1-4

Question 70

What is the function of quadratus lumborum?

Answer 70

Depresses 12th rib, flexes trunk laterally

Question 71

The lumbar plexus is formed by what anterior primary rami?

Answer 71

L1, L2, L3, and part of L4

Question 72

What are the branches of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 72

Iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, femoral nerve, obturator nerve

Question 73

What branch of the lumbar plexus is sensory to the skin covering the pubis and gluteal region?

Answer 73

Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

Question 74

What is the iliohypogastric nerve cord level?

Answer 74

L1

Question 75

Which branch of the lumbar plexus supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the scrotum (or labia majora) and the thigh?

Answer 75

Ilioinguinal nerve

Question 76

The ilioinguinal nerve emerges from what structure?

Answer 76

Superficial inguinal ring

Question 77

What is the ilioinguinal cord level?

Answer 77

L1

Question 78

What are the two branches of the genitofemoral nerve?

Answer 78

Genital branch and femoral branch

Question 79

What branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the cremaster muscle?

Answer 79

Genital branch

Question 80

What branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the skin over the femoral triangle?

Answer 80

Femoral branch

Question 81

What are the cord levels for the genitofemoral nerve?

Answer 81

L1, L2

Question 82

What branch of the lumbar plexus supplies the skin of the anterior and lateral aspects of the thigh?

Answer 82

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

Question 83

What are the cord levels for the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?

Answer 83

L2, L3

Question 84

What branch of the lumbar plexus supplies the muscles and skin of the thigh?

Answer 84

Femoral nerve

Question 85

What are the cord levels for the femoral nerve?

Answer 85

L2, L3, L4

Question 86

What branch of the lumbar plexus supplies the muscles and skin of the medial surface of the thigh?

Answer 86

Obturator nerve

Question 87

What are the cord levels for the obturator nerve?

Answer 87

L2, L3, L4

Question 88

The sacral plexus is formed by the anterior primary rami of what cord levels?

Answer 88

L4-S4

Question 89

What is the very first nerve located on the posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 89

Subcostal nerve

Question 90

What are the largest paired arteries that come off of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 90

Renal arteries

Question 91

What branches of the abdominal aorta are homologous to the intercostals in the thorax?

Answer 91

Lumbar arteries

Question 92

How many pairs of lumbar arteries coming off of the abdominal aorta are there?

Answer 92

4

Question 93

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 93

Celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal artery, renal artery, gonadal (testicular or ovarian) artery, lumbar arteries, median sacral artery

Question 94

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?

Answer 94

Anterior to the fourth lumbar vertebra

Question 95

What does each common iliac artery bifurcate into?

Answer 95

Internal and external iliac arteries