Urinalysis - Microscopic Examination Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Urinary Sediments Examined in Routine Urinalysis
A
PREBAM
2
Q
10 LPF
A
Epithelial Cells
Amorphous
Mucus Threads
3
Q
10 HPF
A
Pus cells
RBCs
Bacteria
4
Q
Microscope in routine UA
A
Brightfield Microscopy
5
Q
Microscope for elements with low refractive indices
A
Phase Contrast Microscope
6
Q
Darkfield Microscope
A
Identification of Treponema pallidum
7
Q
Microscope in identification of cholesterol in oval fat
bodies, fatty casts, and crystals
A
Polarizing Microscopy
8
Q
Detect the presence or absence of Birefringence
A
Polarizing Microscopy
9
Q
Uses 3D Microscopy
A
Differential Interference Contrast Microscope
10
Q
Component of STERNHEIMER-MALBIN
A
Crystal violet + Safranin O
11
Q
Oil Red O and Sudan Black stains ______, ______ but NOT _________
A
Oil Red O and Sudan Black stains TAG, Neutral Fats but NOT CHOLESTEROL
12
Q
Stains Eosinophilic granules
A
Hansel Stain
13
Q
Lenses which form PRIMARY (initial) image of specimen
A
Objective
14
Q
Produces the SECONDARY image magnification of the specimen
A
Eyepiece
15
Q
Gathers and focuses the illumination light onto the specimen for viewing
A
Condenser
16
Q
Stain for differential WBCs & RTE cells
A
Toluidine Blue
17
Q
RBCs in Hypotonic urine (Swollen RBC)
A
Ghost cells/Shadow Cells
18
Q
Marker for glomerular bleeding
A
Dysmorphic RBCs
19
Q
WBCs in hypotonic Urine(Swollen WBC)
A
Glitter Cells
20
Q
Most Common WBC in Urine
A
Neutrophil
21
Q
Sources of Errors of RBCs
A
Yeasts
Air bubbles
Oil droplets
CaOx (monohydrate)
22
Q
Sternheimer-Malbin Stain
Glitter cells:
WBCs:
A
Sternheimer-Malbin Stain
Glitter cells: Pale blue
WBCs: Pale pink
23
Q
Clinically Significant - Eosinophils
A
> 1%
24
Q
True UTI - High Levels of _________ and ______
A
Bacteria
WBCs
25
Most common cause of UTI
E. coli
26
Commonly significant in Females
Squamous Epithelial Cells
27
Squamous Epithelial Cells are used as "_____________" for _______ microscope
Point of Reference - Focusing Microscope
28
Most Clinically significant ECs
Renal Tubular ECs
29
Only epithelial cell seen in casts
RTE
30
Squamous ECs with G. vaginalis
Clue Cells
31
Most Frequently seen, Largest and Least Significant
Squamous ECs
32
>2/HPF
Tubular Injury/ Necrosis of tubules
33
Variations of RTE cells
```
Oval Fat Body (Lipid):
Bubble Cells (Non-lipid):
```
Variations of RTE cells
Oval Fat Body: Nephrotic Syndrome
Bubble Cells: Acute Tubular Necrosis
34
Most common Yeast in Urine
C. albicans
35
Most common Parasite in Urine
T. vaginalis
36
Most Common Urine contaminant
E. vermicularis
37
Schistosoma seen in Urine
S. haematobium
38
Major Constituent of Mucus Threads
Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin)
39
Casts Origin
DCT
CT
40
Not site of cast formation
PCT
41
Major constituent of Casts
Uromodulin
42
Casts in Urine
Cylinduria
43
Order of Cast Degeneration
HYALINE > CELLULAR > GRANULAR COARSE > GRANULAR FINE > WAXY
44
Hylaine cast
Prototype” cast
45
Most frequently Encountered Cast
Hyaline Cast
46
Cellular Casts
RBC Cast
WBC Cast
RTE Cast
47
Cast seen in Glomerulonephritis
RBC cast
48
Casts that resemble RTE cells
WBC casts
49
Significance of WBC casts
Pyelonephritis (Upper UTI)
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Renal Inflammation
50
Used to differentiate WBC Cast from RTE Casts
Toluidine blue
| Supravital Stain
51
Renal Failure Cast
Broad Cast
52
Broad Cast is due to _______________________
Widening of the Tubule
53
Refractive index
Hyaline Casts:
Waxy Casts:
Refractive index
Hyaline Casts: Low Refractility
Waxy Casts: High Refractility
54
Giving Dirty Brown appearance in Dirty Brown Cast
Methemoglobin
55
Granular Casts could be from;
Pathologic:
Non-pathologic:
Granular Casts could be from:
Pathologic: Disintegration of cellular casts
Non-pathologic: Lysosomes of RTE
56
Granular Casts
Coarse:
Fine:
Granular Casts
Coarse: Black, Large Granules
Fine: Gray Pale yellow
57
Final Degenerative Form of Casts
Waxy Cast
58
Significance - Waxy Cast
Chronic Renal Failure
59
Cast with oval fat body and free fat granules
Fatty Cast
60
Cholesterol is viewed by ______________
Polarize Microscope
61
Crystals are formed by ________ of urine solutes.
Precipitation
62
Factors in Crystal Formation
pH
Solute concentration
Temperature
63
Non-pathologic ACIDIC Crystals
```
Amorphous urates
Uric Acid
Calcium Oxalate
Calcium Sulfate
Hippuric Acid
Sodium Urates
```
64
Amorphous Urates
Microscopic:
Macroscopic:
Amorphous Urates
Microscopic: Brick Red Dust/
Macroscopic: Pink Sediment (Uroerythrin)
65
Crystals appears after refrigeration with no form and no shape
Amorphous Urates
66
Uric Acid
Shape:
Color:
Significance:
Uric Acid
Shape: Lemon shaped
Color: Yellow - Brown/Colorless
Significance: Gout, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
67
Most pleomorphic crystals
Uric Acid
68
Calcium Oxalate - Shape
Monohydrate:
Dihydrate:
Calcium Oxalate - Shape
Monohydrate: Oval/Dumbbell shaped
Dihydrate: Enveloped shaped
69
Most common form of Calcium Oxalate
Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate
70
Crystal seen in Antifreeze/Ethylene Glycol Poosoning
Monohydrate Calcium Oxalate
71
Exists in ACID, NEUTRAL, ALKALINE urine
Calcium Oxalate
72
Calcium oxalate is ___________ in polarized light
BIREFRINGENT
73
Forms of CaOx
Whewellite:
Wheddelite:
Forms of CaOx
Whewellite: MONOhydrate
Wheddelite: DIhydrate
74
Cigarette-butt appearance
Calcium Sulfate
75
Hippuric Acid
Characteristic:
Shape:
Cause:
Hippuric Acid
Characteristic: Brown or Colorless Needles
Shape: Elongated Prism
Cause: Ingestion of BENZOIC ACID
76
Needle Shaped
Sodium Urates
77
Apatite
Calcium Phosphate
78
Calcium Apatite
Characteristic:
Shape:
Resemblance:
Differentiate:
Calcium Apatite
Characteristic: Colorless flat rectangular plates
Shape: Thin prisms in** Rosette Forms**
Resemblance: Sulfonamide Crystals
Differentiate: Acetic Acid
79
Differentiate Calcium Phosphate vs. Sulfonamide
Add Acetic Acid
Dissolves:
Remains:
Differentiate Calcium Phosphate vs. Sulfonamide
Add Acetic Acid
Dissolves: Calcium Phosphate
Remains: Sulfonamide
80
Calcium Apatite
Colorless flat rectangular plates
81
Thorny Apples
Ammonium Biurate
82
Ammonium Biurate
Characteristic:
Shape:
Common:
Ammonium Biurate
Characteristic: Thorny Apples
Shape: Yellow brown spicule covered spheres
Common: OLS SPECIMENS
83
ONLY URATE IN ALK URINE AND COMMON IN OLD SPECIMEN
Ammonium Biurate
84
Ammonium Biurate turns Uric acid crystals after addition of __________________ and _____
Ammonium Biurate turns Uric acid crystals after addition of GLACIAL ACETIC ACID and HEAT
85
Struvite/Mg ammonium phosphate
Triple Phosphate
86
Appearance of Struvite
Coffin lid shaped/Prism Shaped
87
Triple phosphate is associated with ____________________
Urea splitting Bacteria - Proteus
88
Calcium Carbonate
Shape:
Characteristic:
Calcium Carbonate
Shape: Spherical/ Dumbbell
Characteristic: forms GAS after acetic acid
89
Calcium Carbonate form ______ after addition of Acetic acid
GAS FORMATION/Effervescence
90
Amorphous Phosphates
Microscopic:
Macroscopic:
Amorphous Phosphates
Microscopic: White ppt
Macroscopic: Granular
91
Non-Pathologic Alkaline Crystals
```
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Biurate
Calcium Phosphate - Apatite
Triple Phosphate - Struvite
Calcium Carbonate
```
92
Abnormal Crystals
```
Cysteine Crystals
Cholesterol Crystals
Sulfonamide Crystals
Tyrosine Crystals
Leucine Crystals
Bilirubin Crystals
```
93
Colorless HEXAGONAL plates
Cysteine Crystals
94
Cysteine Crystals
Characteristic:
Resemblance:
Confirmatory Tests:
Cysteine Crystals
Characteristic: Hexagonal plates
Resemblance: Hexagonal UA crystals
Confirmatory Tests: Cyanide Nitroprusside Test
95
Staircase Pattern/Notched Plates
Cholesterol Crystals
96
Cholesterol Crystals are SOLUBLE in __________
Chloroform
97
Radiographic Dye Crystals
Appearance:
Resemblance:
Solubility:
SG:
Radiographic Dye Crystals
Appearance: Flat colorless, RHOMBIC plates
Resemblance: Cholesterol crystals
Solubility: 10% NaOH
SG: > 1.040
98
Meglumine diatrizoate
Radiographic Dye Crystals
99
Crystals Seen in Liver Disorders
| Mnemonics: BiLaT
Bilirubin
Leucine
Tyrosine
100
FINE Yellow-Colorless Needles in clumps or rosettes
Tyrosine
101
Yellow brown SPHERES
Leucine
102
Clumped Needles
Bilirubin
103
Tyrosine Crystals
Appearance:
Soluble:
Tyrosine Crystals
Appearance: Fine yellow-colorless needles in clumps/rosettes
Soluble: ALKALI and Heat
104
In tyrosine crystals, ___________ crystals is present if bilirubin is positive
In tyrosine crystals, LEUCINE crystals is present if bilirubin is positive
105
Bilirubin Crystals are SOLUBLE in:
```
Acetic Acid
HCl
NaOH
Ether
Chloroform
```
106
Yellow-Brown NEEDLES
Sulfonamide
107
Sulfonamide
Appearance:
Positive Tests:
Sulfonamide
Appearance: Needles, Sheaves of Wheat
Positive Tests: Lignin test & Diazo reaction
108
Colorless Needles formed after Refrigeration
Ampicillin Crystals
109
FORMS MALTESE CROSS FORMATION
| Mnemonics: OFFs
Oval Fat Bodies
Fatty casts
Fat droplets
Starch granules
110
Lemon-shaped Crystal
Uric acid
111
Resembles Cystine
Uric acid
112
Enveloped shaped
Calcium oxalate (Dihydrate)
113
Dumbell/Oval
Calcium oxalate (Monohydrate)
114
Cigarrete butt shape
Calcium sulfate
115
Thorny apples
Ammonium biurate
116
Shgape/Appearance of Struvite
Feathery
Fern-like
Cofin-lid
Prism-shaped
117
Flat plates, thin prisms in **rosette**
Calcium phosphate
118
Dumbell, sperical-shaped
Calcium carbonate
119
Resemble sulfunamide crystals
Rosette form of Calcium apatite
120
Hexagonal plates (laminated)
Cystine
121
Staircase pattern
Cholesterol
122
**Four-sided** plates with noched corner
radioghraphic dye
123
Resembles cholesterol crystal
Radiographic dye
124
**Fine** colorless to yellow *needles*
tyrosine
125
Spheres with radial straitions
leucine
126
Clumped needles
bilirubin
127
Sulfonamide shapes
Sheaves of wheat
Petals
Fan-shaped
Whetstons
128
**Collorless needles** that form **bundles after refregiratio**n
ampicillin
