urinalysis review Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
kidney cells
A
renal tubular epithelial cells
2
Q
ureter + bladder cells
A
transitional epithelial cell
3
Q
urethra cells
A
squamous epithelial cell
4
Q
order of the nephron
A
bowman’s capsule
proximal convulated tubule
descending loop of henle
ascending loop of henle
distal convuluted tubule
collecting duct
5
Q
neutrophils %
A
50-70%
6
Q
lymphocyte %
A
20-44%
7
Q
monocyte %
A
2-9%
8
Q
band neutrophils
A
2-6%
9
Q
eosinophil %
A
0-4%
10
Q
basophil %
A
0-2%
11
Q
leukocyte ->
A
inflammation of urinary track
12
Q
nitrite ->
A
UTI - Bacteria that reduce nitrate
13
Q
urobilinogen ->
A
prehepatic or hepatic conditions
14
Q
protein ->
A
defective glomerular filtration barrier
15
Q
pH ->
A
renal tubular absorption/secretion problem
16
Q
blood ->
A
hematuria
hemoglobinuria
myeloglobinuria
17
Q
specific gravity ->
A
low: diabetes insipidus
high: adrenal insufficiency, hepatic disease, congestive heart failure, dehydration
18
Q
ketone ->
A
diabetes mellitus; inadequate intake/loss of carbohydrates
19
Q
bilirubin
A
hepatic or post hepatic conditions
20
Q
glucose
A
diabetes melltius, hormone disorders, end stage renal disease
21
Q
hematuria
A
presence of intact RBC
22
Q
hemoglobinuria
A
presence of free hemoglobin - indicates RBC lysis
23
Q
myoglobinruia
A
presence of myeoglobin indicates muscle destruction
24
Q
example of hematuria
A
- renal calculi
- glomerulonephritis
- pyelonephritis
- tumors
- trauma
- exposure to toxic chemicals
- anticoagulants
- strenous excercise
25
example of hemoglobinuria
- transfusion reactions
- hemolytic anemias
- severe burns
- infections/malaria
- strenous excercise
- brown spider bite
26
bilirubin
prehepatic
hepatic
posthepatic
normal
increased
increased
27
urobilinogen
pre hepatic
hepatic
post hepatic
increased
increased
normal/absent
28
prehapatic conditions
- hemolysis
- drugs and toxins
- thalassemia
- hemoglobinopathies
29
hepatic conditions
cirrhosis
viral hepatitis
toxic hepatitic
intrahepatic cholestasis
30
post hepatic conditions
biliary obstruction
gallstones
tumors of the bile duct
pancreatic carcinoma
31
protein confirmatory test
sulfosalicylic acid precipitation test
32
specific gravity confirmatory test
refractometer
33
ketone confirmatory test
acetest
34
bilirubin confirmatory test
icotest
35
glucose confirmatory test
copper reduction test (clinitest)
36
RBC
- hypertonic crenated
- isotinic normal biconcave
- hypotonic ghost
glomerulus damage, vascular injury, malignancy in urinary tract, kidney stones, menstrual contamination
37
WBC
bacterial infections (neutrophil); renal transplant rejections (eosinophil/mononuclear); drug induced interstitial nephritis (eosinophil)
38
squamous epithelial cell
normal
39
transitional epithelial cell
normal, catherization, malignancy, viral infection
40
renal tubular epithelial cells
renal tubular injury, tubular necrosis
41
oval fat bodies
nephrotic syndrome, tubular necoris s
diabetes mellitus, traume with BM release
42
Cast formation
- Uromodulin (tamm horsfall protein), is excreted by RTE cells of the distal convulated tubule and upper collecting duct
- other proteins in the ultrafiltrate join the matrix
- protein matrix "gels" more readily in cases of urine flow stasis, acidity, and the presence of sodium ad calcium
- types are based on what the "gel" catches as it solidifies
43
hyaline cast
glonerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, chronic renal disease, congestive heart failure, stress and excercise
44
RBC cast
gomerulonephritis, strenous excercise
45
WBC cast
pyelenopgritis, actute interstitial nephritis
46
bacterial cast
pyelonephritis
47
epithelial cell cast
renal tubular damage
48
granular cast
glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, stress and excercise
49
waxy cast
stasis of urine flow, chronic renal failure
50
fatty cast
nephrotic syndrome, toxic tubular necrosis, diabetes mellitus, crush injury
51
broad cast
extreme urinary stasis, renal failure
52
normal crystals
- uric acid
- amorphous urates
- calcium oxalate
- amorphous phosphates
- calcium phosphatee
- triple phosphate
- ammonium biruate
- calcium carbonate
53
uric acid
normal
chemotherapy, lesch-Nyhan, gout
54
amorphous urates
normal
none, sample refrigeration
55
calcium oxalate
normal
antifreezing poisoning, kidney stones, high oxalic acid diet
56
amorphous phosphates
none, sample refrigeration
57
calcium phosphate
normal
none
58
triple phosphate
normal
none
59
ammonium biurate
none
old sample
60
calcium carbonate
normal
none
61
abnormal crystals
- cysteine
- cholesterol
- leucine
- tyrosine
- bilirybin
- sulfonamides
- radiographic dye
- amphicillin
62
cystine
abnormal
cystinuria
63
cholesterol
abnormal
nephrotic syndrome
64
leucine
abnormal
liver disorder
65
tyrosine
abnormal
liver disorder, AA metabolism disorder
66
bilirubin
abnormal
liver disorders
67
sulfonamides
abnormal
medication and dehydration
68
radiogrpahic dye
abnormal
recent procedure
69
amphicillin
abnormal medication
70
average daily filtered plasma
170,000 ml
71
average daily urine output
1,200 ml
72
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
formation
transport
storage
excretion
73
nephron function
renal blood flow
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
74
Nephron: proximal convulated tubule
A: sodum, glucose, aa, salts
P: water, uread
75
descending loop of henle
p: water
76
ascending loop of henle
a: chloride
P: urear, sodium
77
distal convulated tubule
a: sodium
78
collecting duct
p: water
79
normal urine outpur
600-200 ml/day
80
dark yellow
first pee
81
amber
dehydration
82
orange
bilirubin
83
yellow-green/yellow-blue
bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
84
green
pseudomonas infection
85
blue-green
medication
86
pink/red
RBC, hemoglobin, mens
87
brown/black
RBC oxidized
88
normal pH of urine
4.5-8.0
89
normal protein range
<10mg/dL
90
proteninuria
more than or equal to 30mg/dL
91
urine specifc gravity range
1.002-1.035
92
pyuria
increase in urinary WBC
neutrophil is dominant - indicative of bacterial infection
