WBC abnormalities (Exam III) Flashcards

Question

chemotaxis

Answer 1

Neutrophils are attracted to inflammation sites (follows trail to highest concentration).

Answer 2

Neutrophil squeezes between endothelial cells to enter tissue

Answer 3

Neutrophils cannot efficiently recognize most microorganisms Requires opsonins - promotes interaction of surface of microorganisms with receptors on neutrophil plasma membrane Microorganisms coated in immunoglobin (antibodies) or complement = **opsonization** Opsonin is recognized by the neutrophil - receptors for Fc fragment of antobody or complement attach

Answer 4

Microorganism coated in immunoglobulin (antibodies) or complement.

Answer 5

Pseudopods extend around microbe forming a vacuole

Answer 6

lysosomes with cytoplasmic granules fuse with phagosome

Answer 7

realeasing lytic elements and leads to drop of pH - non oxygen dependent mechanism - Able to cleave bacterial cell wall

Answer 8

NADPH converts oxygen into lethal metabolites including: - H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide 1. causes major microorgnaism injury 2. accelerates the destructiion process Oxygen dependent mechanism Any remnant are removed through exocytosis

Answer 9

Disease can occur due to Ingestion by cell has normal enzyme activity, BUT... - Thing ingestied is resistant to being killed - Cell is overzealous in amount it has ingested **Actual deficiency of lysosomal enzymes**

Answer 10

Accumulation of unmetabolized material in lysosomes Undigested metabolic products accumulate in cells Metabolic enzyme deficiency -> Undigested metabolic product

Answer 11

Most cases - X linked - primarily males Problem: Deficiency in **Cytochrome B** - Needed for Respiratory Burst - H2O2 of respirary burst needs to kill catalase positive organisms 1. Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacteria, Serrita 2. Fungus: Asperigillus **Granulomas** accumulate Average life span: 10 years Prone to recurrent infections

Answer 12

Rare, Fatal, autosomal recessive disorder Problem: **Defective fusion protein** - lysosomes will not secrete and release enzymes properly - creates **giant azurophilic granules** in cytoplasm Found in granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes Susceptible to recurrent infections (S. auereus) Additional clinical features: Neutropenia, albinism, photophobia, thrombocytopenia, PLT dense granule deficiency

Answer 13

**Most common lipid storage disease** Autosomal Recessive Problem: deficiency of **betaglucocerebrosidase** - **Glucocerebroside (a glycolipid waste product) accumulates**. Gaucher cell Additional clinical features: Neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatomegaly Classified into 3 types - **Type II: infantile form is the most severe**

Answer 14

2nd most common lipid (lysosomal) storage disease Autosomal Recessive Problem: Deficiency og **sphingomyelinase** - **Sphingomyelin and Cholesterlo**l accumuates in cytoplasm of macrophages - **foamy Histiocytes = Niemann Pick cells** Additional Clinical Features - Mental retardation, delayed structural development - lipids accumulate in nervous tissue Hepatosplenomegaly

Answer 15

Autosomal Recessive Problem: Deficiency in **hexosaminidase A** - **lipids and gangliosides** accumulate - leads to nercous and eye tissue damage Life expectancy less than 4 years No abnormal morphological characteristics

Answer 16

Autosomal Recessive Problem: Deficiency in **alpha-L-iduronidase** - **Mucopolusaccharides** accumulate - creayes large granules in neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils 1. can give a clearing (halo) around the granule 2. can be misinterpreted as toxic granulatpion Additional clinical features: Dwarfism, skeletal problem (humped back), frontal bossing Average life expectancy: 6-10 years Formerly called Gargolyism

Answer 17

WBC differential: 20-44% 1.Resting small lymphocyte - small (8-12 um), scanty cytoplasm, with round nucleus **Reactive lymphocyte** - Large (9-30 um), abundant cytoplasm, round to irregular nucleaus, and possible nucleoli - Can be confused with malignant conditions

Answer 18

Chickenpox, cytomegalovirus, EBV (infectiousmononucleosis)

Answer 19

Brucellosis Perussis (whooping cough) Tuberculosis

Answer 20

Due to medications for infections

Answer 21

Allergic reactions, auto immune disease, malnutrition

Answer 22

**Vast majority are caused by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) ** **EBV infects B lymphocytes **T lymphocytes (CD8) react becoming reactive lymphocytes. ** Virus is transmitted through bodily fluids, espeially saliva - increased prevalence in young adults (17-25 years old) 1. correlates to prime dating and social interaction years -Usually self-limiting, general symtpoms: sore throat, and flu like symptoms 1. lymph nodes become enlarged (possible hypersplenism)

Answer 23

Usually diagnosed on symptoms only Screening test - Monospot test - detects **heterophile antibodies** produced against EBV

Answer 24

antibodies that crossreact either with other antigens that did not stimulate its formation or proteins across species lines Test against Sheep or horse RBCs

Answer 25

- Increased reactive lymphocytes - T lymphocytes working against the infection - Cytoplasm tends to stain darker and morph arounf RBC - *"ballerina skirt"*

Answer 26

1. Viral capsid antigen (IgM and IgG) 2. EBV nuclear antigen 3. EBV early antigen complex Using this combination, we can judge the time frame of a current infection or historical infection.

WBC abnormalities (Exam III) Flashcards

(50 cards)