Urinary System

Question 1

filter blood and remove metabolic waste products from the bloodstream to produce urine

Answer 1

kidneys

Question 2

the passageway urine is eliminated

Answer 2

urinary tract

Question 3

a fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds

Answer 3

urine

Question 4

how is urine moved

Answer 4

through gravity and contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters

Question 5

receives the urine from the kidneys and conduct it to the urinary bladder (drains urine from the kidney)

Answer 5

ureters

Question 6

receives and stores urine prior to its elimination from the body

Answer 6

urinary bladder

Question 7

urine ejection that is driven by the contraction of smooth muscle layers in the walls of the urinary bladder

Answer 7

urination

Question 8

a passageway that conducts urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior (drains bladder)

Answer 8

urethra

Question 9

eliminates excess water, salts, and physiological wastes through the production of urine.

Answer 9

urinary system

Question 10

the point of entry for the renal artery and nerves and the blood vessels servicing the kidney, and the point of exit for the renal vein and the ureter

Answer 10

hilum

Question 11

name the 3 ways the position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity are maintained

Answer 11

• the overlaying peritoneum
• contact w adjacent visceral organs
• supporting connective tissue

Question 12

name the 3 connective tissue that stabilize and protect the kidneys

Answer 12

• fibrous capsule
• perinephric fat capsule
• renal fascia

Question 13

a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of the kidney and lines the renal sinus

Answer 13

fibrous capsule

Question 14

a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule and helps hold kidneys in position against the posterior body wall

Answer 14

perinephric fat capsule

Question 15

a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures

Answer 15

renal fascia

Question 16

an internal cavity within the kidney where the fibrous capsule stabilizes the positions of the ureter, renal blood vessels, and renal nerves

Answer 16

renal sinus

Question 17

the superficial portion of the kidney, in contact with the fibrous capsule

Answer 17

renal cortex

Question 18

extends from the renal cortex to the renal sinus

Answer 18

renal medulla

Question 19

a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla

Answer 19

renal pyramid

Question 20

the tip of the conically shaped renal pyramid that empties formed urine into the renal pelvis

Answer 20

renal papilla

Question 21

a band of granular tissue that separates adjacent pyramids

Answer 21

renal column

Question 22

consist of a renal pyramid, the overlying area of renal cortex, and adjacent tissues of the renal columns

Answer 22

kidney lobe

Question 23

collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe

Answer 23

minor calyx

Question 24

form through the fusion of 4-5 minor calyces

Answer 24

major calyx

Question 25

a large, funnel shaped structure that collects urine from the major calyces

Answer 25

renal pelvis

Question 26

a microscopic structure that performs the essential functions of the kidney

Answer 26

nephron

Question 27

the most abundant nephron responsible for most of the regulatory functions of the kidneys

Answer 27

cortical nephrons

Question 28

nephron essential for the conservation of water and the production of concentrated urine

Answer 28

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 29

name the functions of the kidneys

Answer 29

- regulate body fluids - remove metabolic waste - secrete - activates vitamin D

Question 30

name the body fluids kidneys regulate

Answer 30

- volume - composition - pH

Question 31

what are the two items the kidneys secrete

Answer 31

- erythropoietin | - rennin

Question 32

controls rate of red blood cells production

Answer 32

erythropoietin

Question 33

regulates blood pressure

Answer 33

rennin

Question 34

what does vitamin D do for the kidneys

Answer 34

regulate absorption of calcium

Question 35

what are the two things that the nephron consists of

Answer 35

- renal corpuscle | - renal tubule

Question 36

name the primary structures of the nephron

Answer 36

- renal corpuscle - proximal convoluted tubule - distal convoluted tubule - nephron loop

Question 37

name the primary structures of the collecting system

Answer 37

- collecting duct | - papillary duct

Question 38

blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes our of the glomerular capillaries and into a chamber, capsular space, that encloses the glomerulus

Answer 38

renal corpuscle

Question 39

produced by filtration, and when modified by the renal tubule and collecting system leaves the kidneys as urine. Also called glomerular fluid and lacks proteins

Answer 39

filtrate

Question 40

what are the two components of the renal corpuscle

Answer 40

- glomerular capsule | - glomerulus

Question 41

a knot of capillaries in the kidneys that projects into the enlarged, proximal end of a nephron; the site of filtration, the first step in the production of urine

Answer 41

glomerulus

Question 42

responsible for reabsorbing nutrients from the filtrate, tubular fluid

Answer 42

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 43

makes further adjustments in the composition of the tubular fluid through a combination of secretion and reabsorption

Answer 43

distal convoluted tubule

Question 44

promotes water reabsorption from tubular fluid in the nephron and collecting system

Answer 44

nephron loop

Question 45

receives the urine from individual nephrons and performs final adjustments in urine volume and composition before delivering it to minor calyx

Answer 45

collecting system

Question 46

carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla

Answer 46

collecting duct

Question 47

collects tubular fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers it to a minor calyx

Answer 47

papillary duct

Question 48

system that supplies the kidneys

Answer 48

arterial system

Question 49

system that drains the kidneys

Answer 49

venous system

Question 50

each kidney receives blood through this artery that originates at the aorta near the origin of the superior mesenteric artery

Answer 50

renal artery

Question 51

form through the branching of the renal artery inside the renal sinus

Answer 51

segmental arteries

Question 52

branch from the segmental arteries and radiate outward within the renal columns

Answer 52

interlobar arteries

Question 53

originate at interlobar arteries and arch along the boundary bw the renal cortex and renal medulla

Answer 53

arcuate arteries

Question 54

supply the cortical portions of adjacent kidney lobes

Answer 54

cortical radiate arteries

Question 55

branch off the cortical radiate arteries supply blood to individual nephrons and delivers blood to the glomerulus

Answer 55

afferent arterioles

Question 56

where does the glomerulus distributes blood once received from the afferent arterioles

Answer 56

the capillaries of the nephron

Question 57

collect blood rom the capillaries of the nephrons

Answer 57

cortical radiate veins

Question 58

collect blood from associated cortical radiate veins

Answer 58

arcuate veins

Question 59

collect blood from arcuate veins and are drained directly into the renal vein

Answer 59

interlobar veins

Question 60

returns the blood to the inferior vena cava and then to the heart

Answer 60

renal vein

Question 61

why is the interlobar vein drained directly into the renal vein

Answer 61

bc there are no segmental veins

Question 62

both the nephron and the pertubular capillaries are surrounded by what interstitial fluid

Answer 62

peritubular fluid

Question 63

drain into small venules that carry blood to the cortical radiate veins

Answer 63

peritubular fluid

Question 64

delivers blood to the glomerulus; where blood enters

Answer 64

afferent arteriole

Question 65

carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries; where blood leaves

Answer 65

efferent arteriole

Question 66

collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron, and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion

Answer 66

peritubular capillaries

Question 67

long, straight peritubular capillaries that parallel the nephron loop of a juxtamedullary nephron. Also contains capillaries that collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla

Answer 67

vasa recta

Question 68

identify the 3 distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney

Answer 68

- filtration - reabsorption - secretion

Question 69

occurs in the renal corpuscle, across the membrane

Answer 69

filtration

Question 70

occurs along the pct and the descending limb of the nephron loop

Answer 70

water reabsorption

Question 71

occurs in the dct and collecting system

Answer 71

variable water reabsorption

Question 72

occurs along the pct, the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the dct, and the collecting system

Answer 72

solute reabsorption

Question 73

occurs at the pct, the dct, and the collecting system

Answer 73

variable solute reabsorption (secretion)

Question 74

occurs at the renal corpuscle

Answer 74

filtration

Question 75

forms the outer wall of the renal corpuscle and covers the glomerular capillaries

Answer 75

glomerular capsule

Question 76

separate the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule

Answer 76

capsular space

Question 77

delivers blood to peritubular capillaries and elevates the blood pressure within the glomerulus

Answer 77

efferent arteriole

Question 78

consists of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls

Answer 78

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 79

delivers blood from a cortical radiate artery

Answer 79

afferent arteriole

Question 80

consists of large cells with complex processes that wrap around the specialized dense layer of the glomerular capillaries

Answer 80

visceral layer

Question 81

what are the cells in the visceral layer

Answer 81

-podocytes

Question 82

the feet of the podocytes

Answer 82

pedicels

Question 83

special supporting cells that contract or relax to control capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow

Answer 83

mesangial cells

Question 84

the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. tends to push water and solute molecules out of the plasma and into the filtrate

Answer 84

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 85

tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma; opposes filtration

Answer 85

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 86

the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute

Answer 86

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 87

name the two interacting levels of control stabilize GFR

Answer 87

- autoregulation | - central regulation

Question 88

the kidneys adjust GFR in response to changes in the local environment at and around the nephrons

Answer 88

autoregulation

Question 89

elevates GFR if autoregulation is ineffective, involves multiple systems and mechanisms

Answer 89

central regulation

Question 90

the capsular space separates which layers of the glomerular capsule

Answer 90

parietal and visceral layers

Question 91

the first segment of the renal tubule

Answer 91

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 92

the last segment of the nephron and makes the final adjustments in the solute composition of the tubular fluid

Answer 92

distal convoluted tubule

Question 93

a smooth muscle in the mucosa that contracts and starts urination

Answer 93

detrusor muscle

Question 94

leads away from glomerular capsule, contains the loop of henle, proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Answer 94

renal tubule

Question 95

name the two items in the loop of henle

Answer 95

- descending limb | - ascending limb

Question 96

where the dct touches afferent and efferent arterioles at the entrance to the glomerular capsule. functions to sense blood volume in order to release renin

Answer 96

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 97

stimulates the production of Aldosterone

Answer 97

renin

Question 98

triggers the kidney to retain water which increases blood pressure

Answer 98

aldosterone

Question 99

large, smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole

Answer 99

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 100

the dense spot of juxtaglomerular apparatus that is densely packed, tall epithelium of dct

Answer 100

macula densa