water, electrolyte, acid-base balance

Question 1

the two inorganic components

Answer 1

water and minerals

Question 2

the inorganic substances that dissociate in body fluids to form ions

Answer 2

minerals

Question 3

the ions formed in minerals

Answer 3

electrolytes

Question 4

extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid are called what

Answer 4

fluid compartments

Question 5

when water content remains stable over time; water gains equal water losses

Answer 5

fluid balance

Question 6

where does water gains occur

Answer 6

digestive tract

Question 7

where does water losses mostly occur

Answer 7

urination

Question 8

a reduction in the water content of the body that develops when water losses outpace water gains; the osmotic concentration of plasma increases

Answer 8

dehydration

Question 9

a rapid movement of water bw the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient

Answer 9

fluid shift

Question 10

the state of the body in which ion gains and losses are equal

Answer 10

mineral balance

Question 11

what is the significance of the body mineral, sodium

Answer 11

essential for normal membrane function

Question 12

what is the significance of the body mineral, calcium

Answer 12

essential for normal muscle and neuron function and for normal bone structure

Question 13

occurs across the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon

Answer 13

ion absorption

Question 14

occurs in the sweat gland secretions and kidney

Answer 14

ion excretion

Question 15

primary site of ion loss

Answer 15

kidney

Question 16

secondary site of ion loss

Answer 16

sweat gland secretions

Question 17

when sodium gains equal sodium losses

Answer 17

sodium balance

Question 18

when sodium gains exceed losses, the ECF volume does what?

Answer 18

increases

Question 19

when sodium losses exceed gains, the ECF volume does what?

Answer 19

decreases

Question 20

the secretion of this restricts water loss and stimulates thirst, promoting additional water consumption

Answer 20

ADH

Question 21

causes increased urinary sodium retention and thus increases the sodium ion concentration in the ECF

Answer 21

aldosterone

Question 22

responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration of the ECF

Answer 22

kidneys

Question 23

what causes potassium excretion

Answer 23

• when potassium concentration rise in the ECF
• under aldosterone stimulation
• when the ECF pH rises

Question 24

the rate of potassium entry across the digestive epithelium and the rate of potassium loss into urine

Answer 24

potassium balance

Question 25

when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss, and when the pH of body fluids remains within normal limits

Answer 25

acid-base balance

Question 26

the negative exponent of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Answer 26

pH

Question 27

a solution with a pH of 7; the solution contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

Answer 27

neutral

Question 28

a solution with a pH below 7; in this solution, hydrogen ions predominate

Answer 28

acidic

Question 29

a solution with a pH above 7; in this solution , hydroxide ions predominate

Answer 29

basic, or alkaline

Question 30

a substance that dissociates to release hydrogen ions, decreasing pH

Answer 30

acid

Question 31

a substance that dissociates to release hydroxide ions or to remove hydrogen ions, increasing pH

Answer 31

base

Question 32

an ionic compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion

Answer 32

salt

Question 33

a substance that tends to oppose changes in the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions

Answer 33

buffer

Question 34

what is the physiological state that results from acidemia

Answer 34

acidosis

Question 35

the physiological state that results from alkalemia

Answer 35

alkalosis

Question 36

the condition in which plasma pH falls below 7.35

Answer 36

acidemia

Question 37

when the plasma pH is above 7.45

Answer 37

alkalemia

Question 38

name the 3 buffer systems

Answer 38

- phosphate buffer system - protein buffer systems - carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 39

important role in buffering the pH of the ICF and of urine

Answer 39

phosphate buffer system

Question 40

contribute to the regulation of pH in the ECF and ICF

Answer 40

protein buffer systems

Question 41

most important buffer system in the ECF

Answer 41

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 42

the only intracellular buffer system that can have an immediate effect on the pH of body fluids

Answer 42

hemoglobin buffer system

Question 43

absorb nutrients and ions, lowers the solute concentration in the lumen and elevate the solute concentration in the interstitial fluid of the lamina propria

Answer 43

intestinal epithelial cells

Question 44

an exchange pump that ejects potassium ions while reabsorbing sodium ions

Answer 44

potassium secretion

Question 45

who has more muscle mass

Answer 45

man

Question 46

who has more fat

Answer 46

female

Question 47

who has more water

Answer 47

male

Question 48

why doesn't women have more water

Answer 48

adipocytes do not hold water so women do not have more water

Question 49

a liquid that reduces friction; extracellular fluid that separates by a membrane (barrier)

Answer 49

transcellular fluid

Question 50

pushes out all solutes but RBC can't leave

Answer 50

hydrostatic pressure

Question 51

during water loss osmoreceptors sends a signal to the pituitary to release what to retain water

Answer 51

ADH

Question 52

positively charged ion used in conduction of an impulse and contraction of a muscle

Answer 52

cations

Question 53

maintains resting potential; stores energy inside the cell

Answer 53

potassium

Question 54

- if too low, PTH from parathyroid goes to the bone and stimulates osteoclasts. Increases absorption in small intestine conserves in kidneys. - if too high, calcitonin comes from the thyroid and stimulates osteoblasts

Answer 54

calcium

Question 55

causes vasodilation and causes blood pressure to drop and heart failure

Answer 55

acidosis

Question 56

causes hydrogen ions to drop

Answer 56

alkalosis

Question 57

aerobic respiration of glucose

Answer 57

carbonic acid

Question 58

anaerobic respiration of glucose

Answer 58

lactic acid

Question 59

oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids

Answer 59

sulfuric acid

Question 60

incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

Answer 60

acidic ketone bodies

Question 61

hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids

Answer 61

phosphoric acid

Question 62

first line of defense against pH shift

Answer 62

chemical buffer system

Question 63

second line of defense against pH shift

Answer 63

physiological buffer system