urinary system (theory)

Question 1

what are the two cells to note in the urinary system?

Answer 1

1. principle cells
2. intercalated cells

Question 2

principle cell function

Answer 2

-respond to aldosterone
-reabsorb sodium

Question 3

intercalated cell function

Answer 3

-respond to pH changes
-excrete H+
-keep HCO3-

Question 4

functions of the urinary system

Answer 4

-regulate plasma ion concentration
-regulate blood volume and pressure
-stabilize pH
-prevent nutrient loss
-synthesize calcitriol
-prevent dehydration
-help the liver

Question 5

TS and TR

Answer 5

TR = tubular reabsorption
TS = tubular secretion

these mechanisms help nutrients in normal ranges

Question 6

how does the urinary system affect blood pressure?

Answer 6

kidneys produce renin which is needed to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

angiotensin I is a weak vasoconstrictor

Question 7

pathway of filtrate through the nephron

Answer 7

afferent artery –> renal capsule –> (glomerulus + bowman’s capsule) –> proximal convoluted tubule –> descending limb –> ascending limb –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct –> papillary duct –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra –> voiding of urine

Question 8

what are the components of the urinary system?

Answer 8

-kidneys
-ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra

Question 9

what does the suprarenal gland produce?

Answer 9

hormones

Question 10

which kidney is lower?

Answer 10

the right kidney bc the liver pushes it down

Question 11

male vs female urethra and bacterial infection of the bladder

Answer 11

the female kidney is shorter than the male kidney which can result in bacterial infection because bacteria can travel a shorter distance to the bladder

Question 12

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue for the kidneys?

Answer 12

-fibrous capsule
-perinephric fat
-renal fascia

Question 13

what does the hilum of the kidney contain?

Answer 13

-renal artery
-renal vein
-ureters

Question 14

what does the renal medulla consist of?

Answer 14

-renal pyramids
-renal papillae (pyramid apexes)
-renal columns (reach into cortex)

Question 15

what does the renal pelvis consist of?

Answer 15

-minor calyces
-major calyces

Question 16

where are the majority of nephrons?

Answer 16

85% of the nephrons are in the renal cortex
15% of nephrons are in the renal medulla (juxtamedullary nephrons)

Question 17

branching of the renal artery

Answer 17

renal artery –> suprarenal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate arteries –> cortical radiate arteries –> afferent arterioles –> glomerular capillaries

Question 18

branching of the renal vein

Answer 18

starts opposite to the renal artery

glomerular capillaries –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal vein –> inferior vena cava

Question 19

nephron components

Answer 19

-glomerulus
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of Henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct

Question 20

cortical nephrons vs juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 20

juxtamedullary nephrons have more concentrated urine because they have longer loops of Henle to collect more from the filtrate

Question 21

how much of the water from the filtrate is absorbed in the nephron?

Answer 21

more than 80%, to prevent dehydration

Question 22

contents of the renal corpuscle

Answer 22

-glomerulus
-bowman’s capsule

Question 23

layers of bowman’s capsule

Answer 23

-visceral layer
-parietal layer

Question 24

bowman’s capsule parietal layer

Answer 24

made up of squamous cells and is continuous with the PCT lining

Question 25

bowman's capsule visceral layer

Answer 25

made up of podocytes (pseudo legs) podocytes have openings between them called filtration slits that allow desirable nutrients to pass into the PCT and be absorbed

Question 26

mesangial cells

Answer 26

phagocytes of the nephron

Question 27

3 layers of the renal corpuscle

Answer 27

-capillary endothelium -basal lamina -glomerular epithelium

Question 28

what does the capillary endothelium of the renal corpuscle allow through?

Answer 28

they allow nutrients that are smaller than 0.1 microns to enter they prevent RBCs from entering the filtrate

Question 29

basal lamina function in the renal corpuscle

Answer 29

surrounds the capillary endothelium this prevents large proteins from passing but lets smaller ones through also lets ions and nutrients through

Question 30

glomerular epithelium function in the renal corpuscle

Answer 30

this is the site of podocytes and filtration slits lets through... ions, water, small organic molecules very few plasma proteins pass through here

Question 31

proteinuria

Answer 31

when there are proteins present in the urine this can be normal in physiological states like pregnancy but can become a concern when they reach too high concentrations

Question 32

preeclampsia and eclampsia

Answer 32

preeclampsia conditions -protein in urine -increased BP -swelling in the legs eclampsia extra condition -seizures

Question 33

PCT characteristics and function

Answer 33

proximal convoluted tubule -lined with cuboid epithelium -reabsorbs all organic nutrients -reabsorbs ions too (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Bicarb, Phosphate, ...)

Question 34

descending limb vs ascending limb

Answer 34

-water leaves the descending limb and enters the bloodstream -ions are pumped out of the ascending loop to prevent ion loss the ascending limb is impermeable to water because it is thicker than the descending limb also filtrate is more concentrated in the ascending limb

Question 35

DCT characteristics and function

Answer 35

selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions little H2O reabsorption active secretion of ions and acids

Question 36

juxtaglomerular complex components

Answer 36

-macula densa cells -juxtablomerular cells --> hormone producing cells -mesangial cells

Question 37

what are the hormones produced by the juxtaglomerular complex?

Answer 37

-renin -erythropoietin

Question 38

collecting system components

Answer 38

-collecting duct -connecting tubules -papillary ducts the function of the collecting system is to make final adjustments to the concentration of the urine before sending to the urinary bladder

Question 39

ureteral openings

Answer 39

do not confuse with urethral opening these are the openings of the ureters into the urinary bladder, ureters enter in the trigone area

Question 40

does the urinary bladder have rugae?

Answer 40

yes, this is to help with stretching of the bladder

Question 41

does the trigone area have rugae? what is the trigone's function?

Answer 41

-no it does not have rugae -the function of the trigone area is to provide a smooth funnel for urine pass down into the urethra when the detrusor muscle contracts

Question 42

histology of the ureters (3 layers)

Answer 42

-inner mucosa -middle muscular layer -adventitia

Question 43

the two smooth muscle layers of the middle muscular layer of the ureter

Answer 43

-inner circular -outer longitudinal these layers help with peristaltic movement of urine

Question 44

location of the urinary bladder in males vs females

Answer 44

males --> between the rectum and the pubic symphysis females --> inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina

Question 45

what are the two ligaments that help position the uterus

Answer 45

-medial umbilical ligament -lateral umbilical ligament

Question 46

sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the detrusor muscle

Answer 46

parasymp --> contracts symp --> relaxation

Question 47

subdivision of the male urethra vs the female urethra

Answer 47

males --> prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra females --> just the external urethra orifice

Question 48

prostatic urethra

Answer 48

passes through the prostate gland

Question 49

membranous urethra

Answer 49

passes through the urogenital diaphragm

Question 50

spongy urethra

Answer 50

passes through the penis (longest urethral section)

Question 51

the micturition reflex

Answer 51

peeing

Question 52

at what volume does the urge to urinate first appear?

Answer 52

200 mL, the bladder can accommodate more volume if needed but can become painful

Question 53

what happens to both sphincter muscles when the bladder reaches capacity?

Answer 53

both open due to pressure

Question 54

how much urine remains in the bladder after complete voidance?

Answer 54

10 mL, if the prostate enlarges the amount of residual urine can increase