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BILD X13 > autonomic nervous system (theory) > Flashcards

autonomic nervous system (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the ANS?

A
  1. to control our organ systems involuntarily
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2
Q

what does the ANS regulate and coordinate?

A
  1. body temp
  2. cardio
  3. respiratory
  4. digestive
  5. excretory
  6. reproductive
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3
Q

does the ANS have pre and post ganglionic fibers?

A

yes, unlike the somatic nervous system which innervates SKM

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4
Q

what is the thoracolumbar division?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

it originates from T1-T12 and L1-L2

this is the fight or flight part of the ANS

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5
Q

what is the craniosacral division

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

it originates from CN’s 3, 7, 9 and 10

it has sacral origins from S2-S4

this relaxes the body’s systems

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6
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic (prof’s notes)

A

basically, one opposes the other

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7
Q

what are the lengths of the pre and post ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic NS?

A

pre= short
post = long

the opposite is observed in the parasympathetic NS

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8
Q

where do the pre ganglionic fibers originate from in the thoracolumbar division?

A

lateral grey horn

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9
Q

what are the NTs of the pre and post ganglionic fibers of the thoracolumbar division

A

pre = cholinergic
post = adrenergic

ex… ACh = cholinergic
ex… adrenaline (epinephrine) = adrenergic

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10
Q

what are the NTs of the craniosacral division?

A

both pre and post ganglionic fibers are cholinergic

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11
Q

which has intraneural ganglia? the sympathetic or parasympathetic NS?

A

the parasympathetic bc some post ganglionic fibers are so short that some ganglia are inside organs

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12
Q

which is faster? thoracolumbar or craniosacral? (prof’s notes)

A

the parasympathetic NS is faster bc there’s only one NT (ACh) which can be acted on by AChE

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13
Q

does the parasympathetic NS originate from the lateral horn like the sympathetic NS?

A

no, this is bc it originates from CN’s 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-S4

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of ganglia of the sympathetic NS?

A
  1. sympathetic chain ganglia (paired)
  2. collateral ganglia (unpaired)
  3. suprarenal medullae (special)
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15
Q

what is another name for the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

paravertebral ganglia or lateral ganglia

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16
Q

what does the sympathetic chain ganglia act on?

A
  1. body wall
  2. head
  3. neck
  4. limbs
  5. thoracic cavity
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17
Q

what is another name for collateral ganglia?

A

prevertebral ganglia

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18
Q

what does the collateral ganglia act on? (think white ramus)

A

the collateral ganglia has neurons that innervate the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity

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19
Q

why is the suprarenal medullae considered special?

A

because it has a preganglionic fiber BUT once activated, it directly secretes hormones into circulation

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20
Q

what actions is the sympathetic chain ganglia responsible for (think fight or flight)

A
  1. decreases blood flow to the skin
  2. increases blood flow to SKM
  3. increases heart rate
  4. increases energy production in SKM
  5. release stored lipids
  6. dilates pupils
  7. dilates respiratory tubes
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21
Q

examples of blood redirection under sympathetic chain ganglia

A

redirecting blood from the skin to the skeletal muscle

ex… looking pale when nervous
ex… not sweating

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22
Q

how many ganglia does each sympathetic chain consists of ?

A

most of the chain ganglia are from the thoracic and lumbar region

3x cervical
11-12x thoracic
2-5x lumbar
4-5x sacral
1 coccygeal

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23
Q

an example of cervical ganglia control in the sympathetic chain

A

control of iris dilation

we have dilator and constrictor muscles in our iris that open and close our pupils

the dilator muscles widen the pupil

the constrictor muscles close the pupil

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24
Q

what are the notable nerves of the sympathetic chain ganglia

A
  1. lesser splanchnic nerve
  2. lumbar splanchnic nerve
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25
of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal chains in the sympathetic chain ganglia which has both pre and post ganglionic neurons?
the thoracic chain has both pre and post ganglionic neurons all other chains have only post ganglionic neurons cervical --> post thoracic --> pre + post lumbar --> post sacral --> post coccygeal --> post
26
what are the splanchnic nerves?
splanchnic nerves are part of the collateral ganglia they are bundles of pre ganglionic fibers that converge on the collateral ganglia
27
what are the notable nerves of the collateral ganglia?
1. celiac ganglion 2. superior mesenteric ganglion 3. inferior mesenteric ganglion
28
what actions is the collateral ganglia responsible for?
1. reduce blood flow to visceral organs 2. decrease activity of digestive glands 3. stimulate glycogenolysis 4. release lipids from adipose tissue 5. relax smooth muscle of bladder 6. reduce filtration rate of the kidneys 7. control ejaculation in males
29
what action is the suprarenal medullae responsible for?
they are responsible for the release of NTs that act as hormones into the blood stream 1. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine
30
what are two cholinergic receptors?
1. muscarinic 2. nicotinic
31
what is ACh released onto in cholinergic synapses?
ganglionic neurons
32
what do ganglionic neurons release when stimulated?
adrenergic NTs 1. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine
33
can some ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic NS release ACh?
yes, at NMJs of skeletal muscles
34
are post ganglionic fibers myelinated?
no, they do end in varicosities that surround smooth muscle which carry vesicles of adrenergic NTs
35
what are the two classes of plasma receptors?
1. alpha receptors (1,2) 2. beta receptors (1,2)
36
what does alpha 1 do?
alpha 1 constricts the smooth muscle of blood vessels if stimulated
37
what does alpha 2 do?
alpha 2 decreases blood pressure in the brain (central receptor)
38
what does beta 1 do?
beta 1 increases HR if stimulated which by extension increases BP we have drugs called beta blockers that counteract these effects
39
what does beta 2 do?
beta 2 dilates the bronchial tubes if stimulated ex... albuterol is a drug for asthmatics that acts to stimulate beta 2 receptors
40
which is more divergent the sympathetic NS or the parasympathetic NS?
the sympathetic NS has more divergence (1:32) vs (1:4) the parasympathetic NS is more localized
41
what does the parasympathetic NS have in place of the splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic NS?
pelvic nerves that innervate visceral organs in the inferior portion of the abdominoplevic cavity
42
what are the notable ganglia of the parasympathetic NS?
1. ciliary ganglion 2. pterygopalatine 3. submandibular 4. otic 5. intramural
43
aside from AChE, what breaks down diffused ACh?
cholinesterase
44
what are characteristics of nicotinic receptors
1. named bc of their response to nicotine 2. found at para- and symp- ganglionic neurons 3. ACh exposure causes excitation of the ganglionic neurons or the muscle fiber ex... SKM contraction ex... NMJ
45
what are characteristics of the muscarinic receptors
1. named bc of their response to muscarine 2. found on parasympathetic cholinergic neuroeffector junctions 3. this can be excitatory or inhibitory ex... excitatory = peristaltic movements ex... inhibitory = decreasing HR
46
what is dual innervation?
most vital organs are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
47
what are visceral reflexes?
reflexes of visceral organs all visceral reflexes are polysynaptic
48
what are the two visceral reflex types?
1. long reflexes 2. short reflexes
49
differences between long and short reflexes
long reflexes have an interneuron that transmits the signal to the CNS to be interpreted whereas short reflexes go to the ganglionic neurons and motor commands are distributed by the post ganglionic fibers short reflexes bypass the CNS
50
thoracolumbar on pupils
dilation
51
thoracolumbar on gland secretion
decrease secretion
52
thoracolumbar on HR
increase HR
53
thoracolumbar on lungs
increase bronchial tube diameter to increase O2 intake
54
thoracolumbar on the liver
increase glycogenolysis to release glucose increase glycolysis to produce energy
55
thoracolumbar on digestion
slows down digestion and relaxes smooth muscle
56
thoracolumbar on bladder and urination
relaxes the bladder and constricts the sphincter relaxes the detrusor muscle
57
thoracolumbar on kidney filtration
decreases kidney filtration
58
thoracolumbar on the vagina and uterus
contracts
59
thoracolumbar on the penis
relaxation
60
craniosacral on pupils
constrict
61
craniosacral on gland secretion
increases secretion
62
craniosacral on HR
slows down HR
63
craniosacral on lungs
decreases bronchial tube diameter
64
craniosacral on liver
decreases glycogenolysis and increases energy storage
65
craniosacral on digestion
increases digestion and smooth muscle movement
66
craniosacral on bladder and urination
tenses bladder and relaxes sphincter --> peeing
67
craniosacral on kidney filtration
increases filtration to fill bladder
68
craniosacral on penis
causes erection

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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