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BILD X13 > nervous system (theory) > Flashcards

nervous system (theory) Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

the central nervous system

this is associated with the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

the peripheral nervous system

associated with tissues innervated outside of the CNS

ex… upper and lower limbs

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3
Q

CNS breakdown

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS break down

A
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5
Q

CNS input and output

A

the CNS can integrate, process and coordinate sensory input and motor output

the CNS is the seat for intelligence, memory, learning and emotion

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6
Q

CNS sensory input

A

sensory input travels along the spinothalamic tract (ascending)

sensation –> up the tract –> thalamus –> post central gyrus (parietal lobe)

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7
Q

CNS motor output

A

motor output travels down the corticospinal tract (descending)

cortex –> pre central gyrus (pre frontal lobe)

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8
Q

pre

A

front

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9
Q

post

A

back

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10
Q

PNS function

A

provide sensory information to the CNS and receive motor commands from the CNS

afferent and efferent signalling

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11
Q

afferent

A

sending sensory information to the brain

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12
Q

efferent

A

carries out motor commands

“efferent escapes the CNS”

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13
Q

dorsal horn of the grey matter

A

receives sensory information from the PNS

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14
Q

ventral and lateral horns of the grey matter

A

receives motor commands from the CNS

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15
Q

smooth muscle

A

autonomic control

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16
Q

skeletal muscle

A

somatic control

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17
Q

PNS cranial nerves

A

there are 12 cranial nerves

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18
Q

PNS spinal nerves

A

there are 31 spinal nerves

8x cervical
12x thoracic
5x lumbar
5x sacral
1x coccygeal

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19
Q

afferent breakdown

A

the PNS can send sensory information from the visceral organs OR the muscles to the CNS

visceral organs = visceral
muscles = somatic

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20
Q

efferent breakdown

A

the PNS can receive motor commands from the CNS for either skeletal muscle or visceral organ movement

skeletal muscle = somatic nerves
visceral organs = autonomic nerves

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21
Q

visceral

A

afferent signaling from the PNS to the CNS about visceral organ sensation

monitors smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and other visceral organs

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22
Q

somatic

A

afferent signaling from the PNS to the CNS about muscle sensation

monitors skeletal muscles and the joints

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23
Q

autonomic nerves

A

efferent signaling from the CNS to the PNS to affect visceral organs

controls visceral organ activities

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24
Q

somatic nerves

A

efferent signaling from the CNS to the PNS to affect skeletal muscle

controls skeletal muscle contraction

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25
autonomic nerve subdivision
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves the effects of either system often counter act the other
26
sympathetic nerves
pupil dilation, increase heart rate, relaxes bladder
27
parasympathetic nerves
pupil constriction, decrease heart rate, tenses bladder
28
neurons
consists of the soma, axons, and dendrites these cells transfer electrical signals to target tissue for nervous system to organ tissue coordination
29
neuroglia
AKA glial cells these cells form a supporting framework for the neurons and offer protection the number of neuroglia outnumber the number of actual neurons there are 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS and 2 types in the PNS
30
4 neuroglia cells of the CNS
1. astrocytes 2. microglia 3. oligodendrocytes 4. ependymal cells
31
2 neuroglia cells of the PNS
1. satellite cells 2. schwann cells
32
Nissl bodies
analogous to the rough ER of the cell
33
axon hillock
funnels the action potential signaling received by the dendrites before continuing onto the axon
34
grey matter myelination
no myelination here
35
white matter myelination
yes, there is myelination
36
astrocytes
star shaped, axo-axonic cell 1. provides structural support 2. forms scar tissue after injury 3. maintains the CSF 4. recycles NTs
37
oligodendrocytes
1. myelinate the CNS's axons 2. provides structural framework
38
microglia
1. act as phagocytes
39
ependymal cells
1. some secrete CSF 2. lines the central canal of the spinal cord 3. lines the ventricles of the brain
40
satellite cells
1. surrounds the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia 2. regulates O2 and CO2 3. recycles NTs 4. regulates cell body and environment exchange
41
schwann cells
1. myelinates the PNS's axons 2. helps repair damaged PNS axons
42
BBB
blood brain barrier, maintained by the astrocytes
43
saltatory conduction
node to node AP conduction helps increase the speed of the AP down the axon
44
why can't we repair a damaged soma
neuron cells lack centrosomes so they can't reproduce, however damaged axons may be fixed
45
neuron classification
neurons can be classified by their structure and function
46
structural classification
1. anaxonic 2. bipolar 3. pseudounipolar 4. multipolar
47
anaxonic
a neuron who's axons and dendrites can't be easily distinguished ex... astrocytes
48
bipolar
the soma lies between the dendrite and the axon no myelination of the axon
49
pseudounipolar
similar to bipolar structure, but the cell body is offset almost all sensory neurons are pseudounipolar neurons
50
multipolar
has a single axon + many dendrites most common CNS neuron type
51
synapse types
1. synapsing with another neuron 2. neuromuscular junctions 3. neuroglandular synapses
52
functional classification
1. sensory (somatic sensory or visceral sensory) 2. motor (somatic nerves or autonomic nerves) 3. interneurons
53
interneurons
connect sensory and motor neurons they are located within the CNS (grey matter only) can be excitatory and inhibitory reflexes like the knee jerk can be done without interneurons (monosynaptic)
54
receptor types (3x)
1. exteroceptors --> external environment 2. proprioceptors --> body position and body movement 3. interoceptors --> internal organ activity
55
effectors of skeletal muscle vs effectors of smooth, cardiac, glandular, adipose tissue
efferent neurons on skeletal muscle don't require ganglia the latter requires pre and post ganglionic fibers
56
neural regeneration
the ability to repair a damaged/severed axon is limited 1. schwann cells grow in the cut area (forms a cord) 2. axon sends buds into the schwann cell network 3. axons begin to grow into schwann cells 4. hopefully a repaired axon
57
AP speed of impulse
how fast an AP can be sent down an axon fast impulses = myelination + large diameter slow impulses = no myelin + smaller diameter
58
5 types of vesicle synapses
1. axodendritic 2. axosomic 3. axoaxonic 4. neuromuscular 5. neuroglandular
59
nonvesicular synapses
normal vesicular synapses are unidirectional nonvesicular synapses are electrical synapses due to the flow of ions and can propagate bidirectionally and doesn't need a synaptic cleft these are found in the CNS and PNS, but are rare nonvesicular synapse events: 1. presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are tightly bound together allowing for the passage of ions
60
neuron organization (5x)
there are 5 types of neuronal pools 1. divergence 2. convergence 3. serial processing 4. parallel processing 5. reverberation
61
divergence
information from one neuron can easily spread to multiple neurons and cover a great distance ex... sensation received by the special senses going to the brain (vision, smell, hearing)
62
convergence
information from multiple neurons going to one neuron ex... voluntary movement of the diaphragm
63
serial processing
sequential transfer of information from one neuron to the next (a conga line of neurons) ex... information that needs to hop between different parts of the brain better ex... smelling food in the kitchen and imagining what that food might be (olfaction to auditory)
64
parallel processing
the same information that's being processed at the same time by other neurons NOT like divergence bc it doesn't spread exponential ex... stepping on a nail results in multiple actions that happen at the same time
65
reverberation
information is sent back to the impulse's origin via a collateral axon to enhance / continue the impulse "running it back" ex... maintaining consciousness when scared
66
nervous system anatomical organization
1. grey matter 2. white matter
67
grey matter
1. cell bodies of neurons contained here 2. neural cortex (outer layer of the brain)
68
white matter
bundles on CNS axons arranged in descending and ascending columns
69
grey-white matter junction
pyramidal cells
70
contralateral crossing
happens either in the medulla or the spinal cord sensory information from one side of the body is integrated by the other side

BILD X13 (26 decks)

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