Urine Elimination

Question 0

Define neurogenic bladder.

Answer 0

Peripheral neuropathy that affects the bladder, causing incontinence in diabetic patients.

Question 1

What is the most common source of a UTI?

Answer 1

E. Coli

Question 2

Define detrusor muscle.

Answer 2

Bladder muscle (responds to parasympathetic stimulation)

Question 3

How many hours in between voids suggests that a patient may need a straight cath?

Answer 3

6 hours

Question 4

Define micturation.

Answer 4

Urination

Question 5

What is the normal range per urinary void?

Answer 5

300-400 mL

Question 6

How often should a patient void?

Answer 6

Every 2-3 hours

Question 7

What factors may lead to urinary retention?

Answer 7

Immobility, supine position, anesthesia, surgery

Question 8

A UTI is diagnosed for bacterial colonies greater than _____?

Answer 8

10,000

Question 9

What findings are most likely in a UA of a patient with a UTI?

Answer 9

WBCs, bacteria

Question 10

Why don’t you want to raise a catheter bag above the patient?

Answer 10

Urine will flow back into the bladder and may cause infection

Question 11

How many times should a patient wipe for a clean catch?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

Normal UA values: pH

Answer 12

4.6-8.0; Acidic pH helps protect against bacterial growth

Question 13

Normal UA values: protein

Answer 13

0-8 mg/100 mL; protein may indicate renal disease or damage to glomeruli/tubules

Question 14

Normal UA values: glucose

Answer 14

0; glucose may indicate DM or high glucose concentrations (> 180 mg/100 mL)

Question 15

Normal UA values: ketones

Answer 15

0; ketones in urine may indicate DM, dehydration, starvation or excessive aspirin usage

Question 16

Normal UA values: blood

Answer 16

0; blood in urine may be a result of menstruation in women

Question 17

Normal UA values: specific gravity

Answer 17

1.0053-1.030; high specific gravity reflects concentrated urine (dehydration, reduced renal blood flow, increased ADH secretion); low specific gravity reflects diluted urine (overhydration, early renal disease, inadequate ADH secretion)

Question 18

Normal UA values: RBCs

Answer 18

0-2; high RBCs may indicate trauma, disease, or surgery of lower urinary tract

Question 19

Normal UA values: WBCs

Answer 19

0-4; high WBCs may indicate UTI

Question 20

Normal UA values: bacteria

Answer 20

0; bacteria indicate UTI

Question 21

Normal UA values: casts

Answer 21

0; casts indicate renal alterations

Question 22

Normal UA values: crystals

Answer 22

0; excess crystals such as uric acid or calcium phosphate result in renal stone formation

Question 23

What is the purpose of a CT scan on the renal system?

Answer 23

To detect tumors or obstructions

Question 24

What is the purpose of an IVP?

Answer 24

To view obstructions in the collecting ducts, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder or urethra (ex: check for kidney stones)

Question 25

What is the purpose of an ultrasound on the bladder (bladder scan)?

Answer 25

To estimate the volume of the urine in the bladder (residual volume)

Question 26

Define functional urinary incontinence.

Answer 26

Loss of urine caused by factors outside the urinary tract (ex: environmental barriers, immobility, cognitive/sensory function)

Question 27

Define stress urinary incontinence.

Answer 27

Involuntary leakage of urine during increased abd pressure in the absence of bladder muscle contraction (ex: while coughing, laughing, sneezing)

Question 28

Define urge urinary incontinence.

Answer 28

Involuntary passage of urine after a strong sense of urgency to void (ex: with bladder spasm or contraction)

Question 29

Define mixed urinary incontinence.

Answer 29

Combination of urge and stress incontinence

Question 30

Define overflow urinary incontinence.

Answer 30

Involuntary loss of urine at intervals without sensation of urge to void (ex: spinal cord dysfunction or peripheral neuropathy resulting in bladder overflow)

Question 31

Define hyperactive/overactive bladder.

Answer 31

Urinary urgency associated with urinary frequency and nocturia

Question 32

Normal daily urine output

Answer 32

1200-1500 mL

Question 33

Normal daily fluid intake

Answer 33

2200-2700 mL

Question 34

Normal values: GFR

Answer 34

125 mL/min

Question 35

How does urinary stasis cause incontinence?

Answer 35

Causes decreased bladder muscle tone