Using Resources (paper 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Examples of finite resources (can’t be replenished at the rate we’re using them so will run out)
A
Metals (e.g copper), oil, nuclear fuels, coal, natural gas
2
Q
Why is fresh water passed through a wire mesh when making it potable
A
Removes big particles like twigs/ fish
3
Q
Why is fresh water passed through filter beds e.g sand and gravel when making it potable
A
Removes smaller particles like pesticides and contaminants
4
Q
What 3 things are used to make water sterilised
A
Chlorine
Ozone
Ultra- violet light
5
Q
What is killed when water is sterilised in ‘making water safe to drink’ process
A
Microbes/ bacteria
6
Q
Examples of renewable resources
A
Solar power, wood, cotton, leather, ethanol (from fermentation)
7
Q
2 ways salt can be removed from salt water
A
Reverse osmosis
Distillation
8
Q
Disadvantages of using reverse osmosis and distillation to remove salt from salt water
A
Require lots of energy
9
Q
What is a finite resource
A
One that cannot be replenished at the rate it’s used and will eventually run out
10
Q
Examples of natural resources
A
Wool, cotton, linseed oil, silk, rubber, wood
11
Q
What is sustainable development
A
Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
12
Q
Stiffness meaning
A
How well a material can resist being bent
13
Q
Corrosion meaning
A
When a material reacts with substances in an environment so that they eventually wear away
14
Q
Name for where a material reacts with a substance in the environment and eventually wears away
A
Corrosion
15
Q
2 key ways corrosion (material reacting with a substance in the environment and eventually wearing away) can be prevented
A
Sacrificial protection
Physical barrier
16
Q
Sacrificial protection and physical barriers are 2 ways to prevent what key process
A
Corrosion
17
Q
Rusting is an example of what key process
A
Corrosion
18
Q
In rusting (example of corrosion) what is the material being worn away and what are the substances in the environment that are causing it to wear away
A
Material worn away= iron
Substances in environment= oxygen and water
19
Q
What 2 things is bronze made from
A
Copper and tin
20
Q
Copper and tin make up which alloy
A
Bronze
21
Q
Bronze (alloy) is made up of copper and what
A
Tin
22
Q
Brass (alloy) is made up of what 2 things
A
Copper and zinc
23
Q
Copper and zinc make up which alloy
A
Brass
24
Q
Brass (alloy) is made up of copper and what
A
Zinc
25
What is an alloy
A mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one of them is a metal
26
True or false, an alloy is only made up of metal elements
False
It is a mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one element is a metal but the others can be non- metal
27
Rusting is the corrosión of what
Iron
(Meaning that the iron is worn away by substances (oxygen and water) in the environment)
28
Which are harder, pure metals or alloys
Alloys
29
Pure metals are relatively soft because the layers of atoms can do what
Slide Over each other
30
In an alloy the atoms are different sizes so the layers are what
Distorted
31
Why are alloys harder than pure metals
Atoms are different sizes
So layers are distorted
So layers can't Slide Over each other
32
Bronze is very hard and is resistant to what meaning it's good for statues
Corrosion
33
Try or false, bronze is very hard and resistant to corrosion
True
(Makes it good for statues)
34
1 key property of bronze
Resistant to corrosion
35
3 key uses of bronze (alloy)
Statues, decorative items, ship propellers
36
Which alloy is used for statues, decorative items and ship propellers
Bronze
37
Key facts about bronze
Alloy formed from tin and copper
Resistant to corrosion
Used for statues, decorative items and shop propellers
38
Which out of bronze and brass is harder
Brass
However brass is also more workable than copper (bends more easily into different shapes)
39
Which out of bronze and brass is harder but more workable
Brass
40
Which is more resistant to corrosion, bronze or brass
Bronze
41
Bronze and brass alloys both have what same element in
Copper
(Bronze also has tin, brass also has zinc)
42
3 key uses of brass (alloy)
Musical instruments, taps, door fittings e.g door handles
43
Which alloy is used for musical instruments, door fittings (e.g door handles) and taps
Brass
44
Key facts about brass
Alloy made from copper and zinc
Very hard and workable
Used for door fittings e.g door handles, taps and musical instruments
45
Why can't pure gold be used for jewellery but instead an alloy has to be used
Pure gold is too soft (alloys are harder)
46
What 3 things is gold alloyed with to make it harder and suitable for jewellery
Copper, zinc and silver
47
Gold alloys are made from gold with small amounts of what 3 elements
Copper, silver, zinc
48
The purity of gold is measured in what
Carats
49
Carats measure what
The purity of gold
24 carats = 100% pure gold
50
How many carats is 100% pure gold
24 carats
51
If pure (100%) gold is 24 carats, how many carats would 50% gold be
12 carats
52
True or false, gold is resistant to corrosion
True
53
3 key properties of gold
Corrosión resistant
Attractive
Hardness depends of carats
(24 carats= 100% pure gold= less hard but 12 carats= 50% gold= much harder)
54
Which alloy is attractive, corrosión resistant and hardness depends on carats
Good alloys
(Good with small amounts of copper, zinc and silver)
55
1 key use of gold alloy
Jewellery
56
Key facts about good alloy
Alloy formed from good and small amounts of copper, zinc and silver
Hardness depends on number of carats (24 carats= 100% pure gold so much softer)
Resistant to corrosión and attractive
Used for jewellery
57
Steel is an alloy containing mainly iron with some what
Carbon
58
Steel is an alloy made from what 2 elements
Iron and carbon
59
What is the main element in steel out of the iron and carbon
Iron
60
2 key properties of high carbon steel
Strong
Brittle
61
Which type of carbon steel is strong and brittle
High carbon
62
2 key properties of low carbon steel
Soft
Easy to shape
63
Which type of carbon steel is soft and easy to shape
Low carbon
64
1 key problem with steel is that it's an alloy of iron so can easily what
Rust
65
2 uses of high carbon steel
Cutting tools
Metal presses
66
True or false, high carbon steel contains a huge amount of carbon
False, it is mainly made from iron with only 1-2% carbon
However it's called high carbon because low carbon steel has even less carbon (less than 1% carbon with the rest iron)
67
5 Uses of low carbon steel
Car manufacturing
Machinary
Ships
Containers
Structural steel
68
Properties of high carbon vs low carbon steel
High carbon steel= strong and brittle
Low carbon steel= soft and easy to shape
69
Key facts about high carbon steel
Alloy made from mainly iron with 1-2% carbon
Strong and brittle
Used for metal presses and cutting tools
70
Key facts about low carbon steel
Alloy made from mainly iron and less than 1% carbon
Soft and easy to shape
Used for car manufacturing, machinary, ships, structural steel, containers
Low= soft and shape and ships
71
1 key problem with steel (high carbon and low carbon) which is why stainless steel is used
Alloy of iron (made mainly from iron) so easily corrodes
72
To prevent corrosion stainless steel contains what as well as iron and carbon
Chromium and nickel
73
What 2 elements does stainless steel have that regular (high carbon/ low carbon) steel doesn't have
Chromium and nickel
74
Which type of steel is resistant to corrosion
Stainless steel
(Chromium reacts with oxygen in air to form protective layer around iron)
75
Why is stainless steel resistant to corrosion
Chromium reacts with oxygen in air to form protective layer around the rest of the metal
76
2 key uses of stainless steel
Cutlery, plumbing
77
2 key properties of stainless steel
Corrosión resistant, hard
78
Key facts about stainless steel
Alloy made from mainly iron with some carbon, nickel and chromium
Corrosión resistant and hard
Used for cutlery and plumbing
79
1 key property of aluminium alloys
Low density
(Other properties depend on composition of alloy as there are hundreds of different aluminium alloys)
80
2 key uses of aluminium alloys
Aircraft
Military uses
81
Which alloy is used for aircraft and why
Aluminium alloys
They're low density
82
Key facts about aluminium alloys
Hundreds of different aluminium alloys
Low density
Properties depend on composition
Used for aircraft/ military uses
83
7 key alloys I need to know
Brass
Bronze
Steel (high carbon)
Steel (low carbon)
Steel (stainless steel)
Gold alloys
Aluminium alloys
84
What is potable water
Water that's safe to drink
85
Name for water that's safe to drink
Potable water
86
True or false, potable water is pure
False
Although it's safe to drink it usually contains other dissolves substances like chlorine, not just water molecules
87
Example of fresh water sources in UK that we can use to get potable water from
Lakes
Reservoirs
(This is surface water that's good because it's easy to access and can be replaced frequently however if it's hot and sunny these water sources can dry up so in some places we rely on ground sources like aquifers)
88
3 steps for making fresh water potable (e.g water in lakes in reservoirs from the rain)
1) pass through wire mesh (remove big particles e.g fish)
2) pass through filter bed e.g sand and gravel (filters out small particles)
3) sterilise water (kill harmful microorganisms like bacteria) (done by exposing to UV light/ bubbling chlorine gas through it/ exposing it to ozone)
89
When treating fresh water what's done first, removing big or small particles
Big first (wire mesh) then small (filter bed)
90
Examples of big particles removed through wire mesh when treating fresh water
Fish
Twigs
91
True or false, all countries use the same process to make water potable
False
UK has lots of rain and therefore fresh water sources e.g lakes so fresh water can be filtered and sterilised
In hotter countries they rely on desalination due to lack of fresh water sources
92
2 types of desalination techniques (removing salt from seawater)
Distillation
Reverse osmosis
93
Why is it bad if reverse osmosis and desalination require lots of energy to remove the salt from seawater
They're very expensive
94
True or false, distillation used to remove salt from sea water is the same as 'simple distillation' done in school
True
Except it uses much larger quantities of water
95
Describe how to carry out simple distillation to obtain pure water from sea water
Sea water containing salt is placed in chonical flask
Chonical flask is placed over Bunsen burner so heat causes sea water to evaporate
The steam then travels through the delivery tube into a boiling tube
The water condenses leaving pure water in the boiling tube whilst the salt stays behind
(Usually boiling tube is placed inside beaker of ice cold water to help it condense)
96
How to calculate uncertainty of results
Range / 2
97
Simple distillation separates the contents of a liquid based on their different what
Boiling points
98
Why isn't potable water pure even thought it's safe to drink
It contains dissolved substances
99
Difference between pure water and potable water
Potable water is safe to drink but contains dissolved substances e.g certain mineral ions,
Pure water is also safe to drink but contains only water molecules
100
What are the filter beds usually made from that fresh water is passed through in the process of making it potable
Sand/ gravel
101
In reverse osmosis a pump pumps the salty (sea) water through a what which leaves the salt behind
Partially permeable membrane
102
What type of membrane is used in reverse osmosis
Semi permeable
(Only allows water molecules through not salt)
103
What is waste water
Sewage and water containing agricultural or industrial waste
104
Why must waste water be treated before releasing it into the environment (being disposed of)
Remove harmful microorganisms which reduces contamination of groundwater
105
Before being released into the environment, waste water must be treated to remove what
Harmful microorganisms
106
Why must harmful microorganisms be removed from waste water before it can be put into the environment (disposed of/ gotten rid of)
Reduce contamination of groundwater
107
Sewage and agricultural waste contain what 2 things that need to be removed in the waste water treatment
Organic matter
Harmful microbes
108
What does industrial waste also contain that needs to be removed in the waste water treatment that sewage and agricultural waste don't contain
Harmful chemicals
109
3 main forms of waste water
Sewage
Agricultural waste
Industrial waste
(All 3 contain organic matter and harmful microbes that need to be removed but industrial waste also contains harmful chemicals)
110
3 main sources of waste water
Domestic (households), agriculture, industry
These then come in the form of industrial waste, agricultural waste and sewage
111
What is meant by screening in first step of treating waste water
Waste water passes through metal grid to filter out large objects and grit
112
Name for fist step in waste water treatment where waste water is passed through metal grid to filter out large objects and grit
Screening
113
In screening (first step of testing waste water) waste water passes through a what in order to remove grit and large objects
Metal grid
114
Name for process of second stage to treating waste water where solid sediments settle out of the water then sink to the bottom of the tank whilst the liquid sits on top
Sedimentation
115
In sedimentation, what is the solid sediments that sink to the bottom of the tank called
Sludge
116
In sedimentation what is sludge
The solid sediments (e.g grape pips leftover from industrial waste (anything that can't dissolve in water)) that settle out of the water then sink to the bottom of the tank
117
In sedimentation what's the name for the remaining liquid that sits above the solid sediments (sludge)
Effluent
118
What is effluent
Name for remaining liquid that sits above sludge (solid sediments) in tank during sedimentation
119
What does sludge contain (solid settlements that have settled out of the water then sunk to the bottom of the tank)
Water, organic matter (and some small solid particles and dissolved compounds)
120
What 2 things are obtained from sedimentation
Sludge
Effluent
121
How is the organic matter in sludge broken down
Anaerobic treatment
Bacteria added to sludge with limited supply of oxygen and break the matter down anaerobically
122
Both sludge and effluent have bacteria added in order to break down the organic matter.
Which is aerobic and which is anaerobic
Sludge= anaerobic due to limited supply of oxygen
Effluent= aerobic (oxygen needs to be present)
123
Is effluent treated anaerobically or areobically
Aerobically- bacteria respire aerobically when breaking down organic matter so oxygen needs to be present
124
Is sludge treated anaerobically or aerobically
Anaerobically- bacteria break down organic matter with limited supply of oxygen
125
What is added to both sludge and effluent to break down the organic matter
Bacteria
126
What happens once the organic matter in sludge has been anaerobically broken down by bacteria
Biogas is produced and can be used as a fuel
(Contains methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide)
127
Which out of sludge and effluent produces biogas once the organic matter has been broken down which can be used as a fuel
Sludge
128
What can the biogas produced from the anaerobic treatment of sludge be used as
A fuel
129
After the aerobic treatment of effluent what must be removed before the water can be discharged back into rivers etc
The bacteria that were added to break down the organic matter
130
Name for tube between chonical flask and boiling tube in distillation
Delivery tube
131
4 examples of things that we use the Earth's resources to provide us with
Warmth
Shelter
Food
Transport
(And fuel)
132
Renewable meaning
Resources that can be replenished at the rate we're using them and won't run out
133
When choosing and synthesising (forming something by combining/ reacting different things together) resources, what major thing must be considered
Sustainable development
134
.
.
135
Name for type of resources made by scientists that can replace/ supplement natural resources
Synthetic resources
136
Synthetic resources are made by who
Scientists
137
Synthetic resources can supplement/ replace what
Natural resources
138
Wool is a natural product used for clothes and carpets. What synthetic product could it be supplemted with/ replaced by
Acrylic fibre
139
Cotton is a natural resource used for clothes and textiles. What synthetic product could suplement it/ replace it
Polyester
140
Silk is a natural resource used for clothes. What synthetic product could replace/ supplement it
Nylon
141
Linseed oil is a natural resource used for paint. What synthetic product could supplement/ replace it
Acrylic resin
142
Rubber is a natural resource used for tyres and washers. What synthetic product could replace it
Synthetic polymers e.g poly(butadiene)
143
Wood is a natural resource used for construction. What synthetic product could replace/supplement it
PVC or composites
144
6 examples of natural resources (these can then be replaced or supplemented by synthesised products)
Wool
Cotton
Silk
Linseed oil
Rubber
Wood
145
True or false, a non renewable and finite resource is the same thing
True
(Can't be replenished at the rate it's used at so will eventually run out)
146
Low grade ore meaning
Ore with very little metal e.g copper in them
147
Name for type of ore that has very little metal in it
Low grade ore
148
2 alternative ways to extract copper from low grade ores
Phytomining
Bio leaching
149
How is most copper extracted and what's the problem with this
Smelting (heating copper ore to obtain copper)
Copper ores are a finite resource so are getting scarcer and will eventually run out
Copper can also be extracted from solutions of copper compounds e.g electrolysis and through reduction (copper compound reacts with more reactive metal so copper is displaced from its compound)
These processes require lots of energy and are expensive
150
How does bioleaching work to obtain pure copper
Bacteria feed on low grade copper ore
Combination of biological and chemical processes leaves a solution with copper ions in (leachate)
The leachate can be processed by electrolysis/ displacement with scrap metal e.g scrap iron
Pure copper is obtained
151
In bioleaching what is the solution of copper ions called
Leachate
152
In bioleaching what feeds on low grade copper ore
Bacteria
153
How can pure copper be obtained from the leachate during bioleaching
Electrolysis
Displacement with scrap metal e.g scrap ion
154
What is meant by leachate
Solution of copper ions once bacteria have fed on low grade copper ore in bioleaching
155
How can phytomining be used to obtain pure copper
Plants that absorb copper ions are grown on soil containing low grade copper ore
The plants are then burnt and copper compounds are formed in the ash
Sulfuric acid is added to the ash so that the copper ions can be leached (dissolved)
Copper extracted from Sulfuric acid by electrolysis/ displacement
156
Both bioleaching and phytomining avoid traditional mining methods like what
Digging, moving/ disposing of large amounts of rock,
157
What is meant by a life cycle assessment
A way of analysing the 'life' of a product to see how much water and energy is used (how sustainable it) and the environmental impacts from each of the 4 different stages
158
The LCA assess the environmental impacts of the product at 4 different stages (/ categories). What are the 4 different stages
Extracting and processing raw materials
Manufacturing and packaging
Use and operation during its lifetime
Disposal at the end of its useful life including transport and distribution at each stage
159
Compare LCA of a plastic bag vs paper bag
Extracting and processing raw materials: plastic bag is made from crude oil (finite resource- bad as it will eventually run out so is unsustainable + must be separated using fractional distillation which requires energy. Paper bag is made from wood (cutting down trees destroys habitat and contributes to global warming but wood is a renewable resource)
Manufacturing and packaging: for plastic bag hydrocarbons in crude oil must be separated using fractional distillation then be cracked to form alkenes then undergo polymerisation to form the plastics. For paper bag timber must be pulped (broken up into small pieces then soaked which requires lots of energy and results in lots of waste)
Using product: generally plastic bags can be reused multiple times whilst paper bags are single used
Disposing product: Plastic bag isn't biodegradable so takes up space in landfill/ can harm animals if eaten etc. paper bag is biodegradable and non toxic
(Would need to expand/ go into more detail on effect in environment at each stage)
160
True or false, cost is a key factor in the LCA
False
We're only concerned on the environmental impacts
161
4 examples of methods of disposal in LCA
Reuse
Recycle
Put in landfill
Incinerate (burn)
162
How is glass recycled
Pieces of glass separated based on size and colour (crushed if not already in small pieces)
Glass melted then reshaped
163
How are metals recycled
Melted (often separated into different elements first) then reformed into different products
164
Why is scrap steel added to pure iron when recycling
Reduces amount of iron that needs to be extracted from ore
165
Thermosetting vs thermosoftening polymers
Thermosetting have cross links (chains fixed together by covalent bonds) + harder + more dense + doesn't melt
Thermosoftening has weak intermolecular forces between chains (overall lots of force as there's so may of them) + melts in heat + softer + less dense
166
What 3 elements do NPK fertilisers contain
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
167
True or false, for fertilisers we can get nitrogen from the air
False
(It's triple bonded and so plants can't break down the bonds so it's not accessible to them)
168
How we get nitrogen for fertilisers
Haber process produces ammonia
Ammonia reacts with nitric acid to form ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water so can be absorbed by plant roots
169
What salt dissolves in water and contains nitrogen for plants
Ammonium nitrate
170
How ammonium nitrate (containing nitrogen for plants) is obtained
Take ammonia from haber process and react with nitric acid
171
Why can nitrate salts be used directly by plants in fertilisers
Nítrate salts (ammonium nitrate) are soluble so dissolve in water and can be absorbed by roots
172
How to get phosphorus for fertiliser
Mine to get phosphate rock
React phosphate rock with acid to get soluble phosphate salt
173
Why can't phosphate rock be used directly in fertiliser but instead it has to react with an acid to form phosphate salt
Phosphate salt in rock is insoluble
Only becomes soluble once reacted with acid to from soluble phosphate salt
174
3 types of acid that react with phosphate rock to form soluble phosphate salts
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Sulfuric acid
175
What does phosphate rock and nitric acid produce
Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
176
What does phosphate rock and sulfuric acid produce
Calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate
177
What does phosphate rock and phosphate acid produce
Calcium phosphate (triple superphosphate)
178
How to get potassium for fertilisers
Mine potassium chloride and potassium sulphate which are soluble salts
179
Process of Haber process
Nitrogen from air and hydrogen from methane pumped in
Mixture compressed to 200atm and heated to 400 degrees
Mixture passes over reaction vessel with iron catalyst
Some hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia
Ammonia and unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen pass through cooling chamber
Ammonia condenses and is collected, hydrogen and nitrogen return to reaction vessel (are recycled)
180
Chemical formula of silicon dioxide
SiO2
181
Chemical formula of sodium carbonate
Na2CO3
182
One advantage of obtaining drinking water from desalination
Water can be obtained from sea water if freshwater supplies are limited
