Vaccines

Question 1

3 main side effects ***

Answer 1

infection - improper inactivation or person IC
inflammation and anaphylactic reaction - contaminates or preservatives
neurological and autoimmune - rare antigen cross reaction

Question 2

what is thiomersol

Answer 2

mercury containing preservative
ethyl mercury which is easily eliminated by the body and prevents growth of the bacteria
has been targeted for causing autism

Question 3

capsular polysaccharide effector mechanism

Answer 3

b cell response as t-independent manner

Question 4

conjugation of polysaccharides to a protein carrier forms peptide antigens which generate what effector mechanism

Answer 4

recruit antigen specific CD4+ t helper cells in a t-dependent antibody response

Question 5

protein antigens such as live attenuated vaccines generate what

Answer 5

CD8+ cytotoxic t cells

Question 6

CD8+ effector mechanism

Answer 6

do not prevent infection but reduce/control INTRACELLULAR pathogens
either by direct killing through release of stuff or by indirect killing infected cells through cytokine release

Question 7

CD4 cells effector mechanism

Answer 7

dont prevent infection but control/reduce extracellula and intracellular pathogens their homing and cytokine production

Question 8

follicular t helper cells produce IL 21 providing…

Answer 8

B cell help

Question 9

t helper 1 cells produce interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor, and IL2 involved in …

Answer 9

protection against intracellular pathogens

Question 10

t helper 2 cells produce IL4,5,13 and….

Answer 10

respond to extracellular pathogens

Question 11

th17 cells produce IL17,22,26 and …

Answer 11

contribute to mucosal defence

ex.strep pneumo

Question 12

what are human pattern recognition receptors

Answer 12

toll like receptors

recognize specific parts of an antigen and present it to the MHC

Question 13

MHC class 1 = ___ pathogen

Answer 13

intracellular

Question 14

MHC class 2 = ___ pathogen

Answer 14

extracellular

Question 15

describe initation of a vaccine response

Answer 15

the pathogen associated pattern in the vaccine antigen attracts monocytes and dendritic cells and if the danger signal is loud enough it activates them
activation changes their surface receptor and they migrate back to the lymph node where B and T lymphocytes are activated

Question 16

describe killed vaccine

Answer 16

heat or formaldehyde killed pathogen

ex. salk polio

Question 17

describe live attenuated vaccine

Answer 17

selection of less pathogenic variants

ex. sabian polio, MMR

Question 18

describe subunit vaccine

Answer 18

purified or genetically altered structural component of a pathogen
ex. hep B, influenza injection

Question 19

describe conjugate vaccines

Answer 19

combo of multiple components to increase immunogenicity and memory

Question 20

what are toxoids

Answer 20

toxins that are inactivated by mutation or chemcial treatment that are immunogenic but not pathogenic
ex.diptheria, tetanus

Question 21

describe DNA vaccines

Answer 21

inject the gene that makes the protein or antigen

Question 22

5 features of effective vaccines

Answer 22

safe: not cause illness or death
protective: protect against illness from exposure to a live pathogen
sustained protection: years
induces neutralizing antibody
induces protective t cells

Question 23

what are neutralizing antibodies

Answer 23

prevent infection of cells that cant be replaced

Question 24

3 types of adjuvants

Answer 24

oil in water emulsion
saponin
aluminum

Question 25

3 main jobs of adjuvants

Answer 25

increase uptake by macropahges delay release of antigen induction of costimulators in macrophages

Question 26

complete freuends adjuvant

Answer 26

oil in water with dead mycobacteria | does all 3 things

Question 27

freunds adjuvant with MDP

Answer 27

oil in water with muramyl dipeptide and constituent of mycobacteria does all 3 things

Question 28

incomplete freunds adjuvant

Answer 28

oil in water emulsion that enhances macrophage uptake and delays antigen release

Question 29

immune stimulatory cmoplexes

Answer 29

matrix of saponin containing viral proteins delivers the antigen to the cytosol allows induction of cytotoxic t cells

Question 30

formation of inactived or killed vaccines

Answer 30

bacteria etc grown in culture then killed by heat or formaldehye

Question 31

live/attenuated vaccine formation

Answer 31

attenuated through passage of foreign host such as tissue culture, live animals, or embryonated eggs 1. isolate the virus in human cell 2. infectnon human cell 3. virus mutates to survive in new host 4. virus doesnt grow in human cells

Question 32

conjugate vaccine formation

Answer 32

covalently attach a weak antigen (polysaccharide) to a strong antigen(protein) to elicit a stronger immunologic response

Question 33

how is a conjugate bettwe than free polysaccharide

Answer 33

longer duration of antibody response can elicit memory and affinity maturation response in young infants

Question 34

what are follicular t helper cells

Answer 34

unique t helper cells with high antigen binding potential | quantity and quality greatly affected by adjuvants

Question 35

generation of a dna vaccination

Answer 35

used recombinat DNA technology to introduce a gene of an antigen into an expression vector then put that into a human or cell

Question 36

what types of pathogens can be used in dna vaccinations

Answer 36

pathogens that mutate freely | such as influenza