Flashcards in Vaccines Deck (36)
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1
3 main side effects ***
infection - improper inactivation or person IC
inflammation and anaphylactic reaction - contaminates or preservatives
neurological and autoimmune - rare antigen cross reaction
2
what is thiomersol
mercury containing preservative
ethyl mercury which is easily eliminated by the body and prevents growth of the bacteria
has been targeted for causing autism
3
capsular polysaccharide effector mechanism
b cell response as t-independent manner
4
conjugation of polysaccharides to a protein carrier forms peptide antigens which generate what effector mechanism
recruit antigen specific CD4+ t helper cells in a t-dependent antibody response
5
protein antigens such as live attenuated vaccines generate what
CD8+ cytotoxic t cells
6
CD8+ effector mechanism
do not prevent infection but reduce/control INTRACELLULAR pathogens
either by direct killing through release of stuff or by indirect killing infected cells through cytokine release
7
CD4 cells effector mechanism
dont prevent infection but control/reduce extracellula and intracellular pathogens their homing and cytokine production
8
follicular t helper cells produce IL 21 providing...
B cell help
9
t helper 1 cells produce interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor, and IL2 involved in ...
protection against intracellular pathogens
10
t helper 2 cells produce IL4,5,13 and....
respond to extracellular pathogens
11
th17 cells produce IL17,22,26 and ...
contribute to mucosal defence
ex.strep pneumo
12
what are human pattern recognition receptors
toll like receptors
recognize specific parts of an antigen and present it to the MHC
13
MHC class 1 = ___ pathogen
intracellular
14
MHC class 2 = ___ pathogen
extracellular
15
describe initation of a vaccine response
the pathogen associated pattern in the vaccine antigen attracts monocytes and dendritic cells and if the danger signal is loud enough it activates them
activation changes their surface receptor and they migrate back to the lymph node where B and T lymphocytes are activated
16
describe killed vaccine
heat or formaldehyde killed pathogen
ex. salk polio
17
describe live attenuated vaccine
selection of less pathogenic variants
ex. sabian polio, MMR
18
describe subunit vaccine
purified or genetically altered structural component of a pathogen
ex. hep B, influenza injection
19
describe conjugate vaccines
combo of multiple components to increase immunogenicity and memory
20
what are toxoids
toxins that are inactivated by mutation or chemcial treatment that are immunogenic but not pathogenic
ex.diptheria, tetanus
21
describe DNA vaccines
inject the gene that makes the protein or antigen
22
5 features of effective vaccines
safe: not cause illness or death
protective: protect against illness from exposure to a live pathogen
sustained protection: years
induces neutralizing antibody
induces protective t cells
23
what are neutralizing antibodies
prevent infection of cells that cant be replaced
24
3 types of adjuvants
oil in water emulsion
saponin
aluminum
25
3 main jobs of adjuvants
increase uptake by macropahges
delay release of antigen
induction of costimulators in macrophages
26
complete freuends adjuvant
oil in water with dead mycobacteria
does all 3 things
27
freunds adjuvant with MDP
oil in water with muramyl dipeptide and constituent of mycobacteria
does all 3 things
28
incomplete freunds adjuvant
oil in water emulsion that enhances macrophage uptake and delays antigen release
29
immune stimulatory cmoplexes
matrix of saponin containing viral proteins
delivers the antigen to the cytosol
allows induction of cytotoxic t cells
30