What clinical condition will result if the lignin concentration (ADF) is very high?
Omasal impaction
What are the 3 main functions of the mixing cycle?
Mixing
Absorption
Emptying
Which VFA has the highest concentration in the (healthy) rumen?
Acetic acid
What is the ideal rumen pH?
6-6.8
Which [VFA] surges when the pH drops below 5.5?
Lactic acid
What problem is associated with leaking teat liners?
Teat end impact ulceration
Air embolus
Mastitis
Which of the following statements is false
a. Normal filling of the reticulum activates the primary/mixing cycle
b. Normal saliva production is not dependent on the time the animal spends cud chewing (ruminate)
c. Normal rumen emptying is dependent on an intact primary cycle
d. Volatile fatty acids are absorbed through the rumen wall along a concentration gradient
e. Activation of stretch receptors in the dorsal rumen wall initiates the eructation reflex
b. Normal saliva production is not dependent on the time the animal spends cud chewing (ruminate)
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
1 The omental bursa is contained between the 2 layers of the greater omentum.
2 The bulk of the small intestine lies within the omental recess
3 A left displaced abomasum is always clearly palpable rectally
4 Tight bands palpable rectally should always alert you as to the possibility of a intestinal torsion/volvulus
5 Right displaced abomasum usually signifies a anticlockwise rotation as viewed from the rear.
3 A left displaced abomasum is always clearly palpable rectally
Which of the following is not associated with cud chewing?
a. Saliva production
b. Mechanical breakdown of lignin
c. Mechanoreceptor induced increase in mixing cycles
d. Decrease on the formation of stable foam through saliva production
e. Drops rumen pH by increasing rumen acidity
e. Drops rumen pH by increasing rumen acidity
Small volume pasty feces is not an indication for which of the following
- Displaced abomasum
- Vagal indigestion type 3
- Vagal indigestion type 2
- Acute rumen acidosis
- Rumen atony
4 Acute rumen acidosis
Causes grey diarrhea
Which of the following infectious agents does not cause mouth lesions in cattle
- BVD
- Actinobacillus lignereisi
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Bovine papular stomatitis
- Clostridium perfringens type A
- Clostridium perfringens type A
* Causes peracute death and bloat with hemorrhagic enterocolitis*
A calf with diarrhea is presented with severe metabolic acidosis and a blood pH of 7.12 Which of the following fluids would you use for resuscitation
- Hypertonic saline
- 0.9% saline
- 0.45% saline and 2.5% dextrose
- Isotonic sodium bicarb 156mEq/l in distilled water
- Isotonic polyionic fluid
- Isotonic polyionic fluid
- 10% bodyweight*
- Can add Na bicarb 1-3mEq/kg*
You are presented with a 5 year old dairy cow with anorexia and muscle tremors. Rumen fluid analysis showed the following: pH 7.1; Methylene blue reduction test – slight discoloration at 5 minutes; no protozoa visible; rumen fluid watery with no particular odor. Urine positive for ketones. Which of the following will be the most appropriate treatment for this cow.
- Rumenotomy and evacuation of contents; transfaunation; dexamethazone im
- Rumenotomy; transfaunation, dexamethazone im; Vit B12 im
- Dextrose iv; KCl orally; Yeast & molasses orally
- Transfaunation; dextrose iv; KCl orally; Vit B12 im; Yeast & molasses orally
- Twenty liter saline iv; Dextrose iv; KCl orally; Yeast & molasses orally
- Transfaunation; dextrose iv; KCl orally; Vit B12 im; Yeast & molasses orally
Dextrose for ketones
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
- Use of sodium iodide is one treatment for wooden tongue
- Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a possible cause of chronic regurgitation in a middle aged goat
- Megaesophagus is one of the main differentials for signs of choke in middle aged llamas
- Bovine popular stomatitis is a parapox virus which is the same as pseudocowpox virus which cause ulcers on teats
- Treatment of the cutaneous form of wooden tongue with penicillin only is highly effective
- Treatment of the cutaneous form of wooden tongue with penicillin only is highly effective
Tx= NaI
- Which of the following diagnostic tests/procedures should you perform to definitively distinguish between type 2 and 3 vagal indigestion
- Blood gas profile; rumen chloride
- Blood gas profile; blood potassium and calcium levels
- Blood and rumen chloride; blood potassium and calcium
4 .Left sided laparo-rumenotomy; rumen chloride
- Abdominal ultrasound; rumen fluid examination for fermentation failure
4 .Left sided laparo-rumenotomy; rumen chloride
Type 2 chloride normal, type 3 chloride elevated
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
- Trueperilla pyogenes is commonly involved in abdominal abscesses following hardware disease
2 Pyopericardium may lead to cardiac tamponade with distention of the jugulars and small to absent jugular pulses
3 Pericardiocentesis can be done at the point of maximal intensity of the heart sounds
4 Rumencentesis is done on ventral midline just behind the umbilicus
5 Subacute rumen acidosis can predispose to hemorrhagic bowel syndrome caused by Clostridium perfringens type A
4 Rumencentesis is done on ventral midline just behind the umbilicus
Left side behing costal arch at level of knee
All of the following statements regarding abomasal impaction is true EXCEPT
1 Primary abomasal impaction is feed related
2 Abomasal impaction may be associated with hypochloremia
3 Surgical treatment often results in persistent atony
4 Trichobezoars may be a predisposing cause of abomasal impaction in calves
5 Rectal and trans-abdominal palpation is accurate in making a diagnosis in all cases
5 Rectal and trans-abdominal palpation is accurate in making a diagnosis in all cases
Which of the following treatments would be appropriate / legal/ effective to use in a 4 month old dairy veal calf
- Metronidazole PO
2 Enrofloxacin SQ
3 Trimethoprim PO
4 Choramphenicol IM
5 Oxytetracycline IV
2 Enrofloxacin SQ
The rumen pH of a cow that has been off feed was found to be 7.4. The increase in pH is partly caused by which of the following
1 Increase in lactic acid
2 Decreased absorption of VFA’s
3 Decreased saliva production
4 Decrease VFA production
5 Gram negative bacteria releasing endotoxin
4 Decrease VFA production
Which of the following is not a complication of RVA after correction?
1 Abomasal ileus
2 Abomasal ulceration
3 Vagal indigestion type 2
4 Vagal indigestion type 3
5 Persistent hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
3 Vagal indigestion type 2
Type 2= Failure of omasal transport
Which of the following has a negative feedback on the gastric center resulting in rumen atony and failure of fermentation
1 Low threshold tension receptors in the reticulum
2 Mechanoreceptors in the mouth
3 Tactile receptors round the cardia
4 High threshold tension receptors in reticulum and dorsal rumen wall
5 Tactile receptors in mouth - calves
4 High threshold tension receptors in reticulum and dorsal rumen wall
Threshold is LOW
A farmer whose cow has simple indigestion (anorexia, low milk yeast, rume atony/hypomotility, scant feces (past, malodorous)) calls you for advice. He is located very far away from you and you will not be able to get to his location until a few days from now. What can you advise him to administer?
a. 750ml vegetable oil orally plus 2 table spoons of detergent
b. 750 ml vinegar; 4 pounds of sugar and 500ml coffee
c. 500 ml vinegar and 2 lbs of sugar
d. 10 table spoons of baking soda in 1 gallon water
c. 500 ml vinegar and 2 lbs of sugar
The mixing cycle is also known as:
1 Primary cycle
2 Secondary cycle
3 Rumenations
4 Cud chewing
1 Primary cycle
The eructation cycle is initiated by:
1 CO2 receptors in the rumen wall
2 Long roughage in the course layer
3 Stretch receptors in the dorsal rumen wall
- Biphasic reticulum contraction
3 Stretch receptors in the dorsal rumen wall
Auscultation/percussion is a good diagnostic technique in case of the following
1 Over-distention of a structure with gas
2 Fluid filled structure
3 Fluid/gas interface with distention
4 Flaccid hollow structure
3 Fluid/gas interface with distention
Saliva is important for:
- Acidifying the rumen
- Breaking down cellulose
- Buffering the rumen contents
- Provides digestive enzymes such as trypsin and lipase
- Buffering the rumen contents
Alkalinizes rumen, breaks down lignin to expose cellulose, lipase and trypsin are doung in rennet
- Which of the following feeding methods for colostrum will result in highest levels of IgG in a 4 hour old Holstein calf.
- tube feeding
- nursing from a bottle
- nursing the cow
- bucket feeding
- Wait until the calf is 8 hours old before feeding
a. tube feeding
All of the following are true statements regarding the primary rumen contraction EXCEPT
- The mixing contraction plays a pivotal role in maintaining optimal fermentation
- The integrity and presence of the primary cycle can only be evaluated by means of a rumen fluid evaluation
- Rumen/reticulum emptying takes place during the phase of reticulum contraction
- Damage to the vagus nerve may alter or suspend the primary cycle
- Blood pH and electrolyte changes can have a negative effect on the gastric center leading to rumen atony
b. The integrity and presence of the primary cycle can only be evaluated by means of a rumen fluid evaluation
Ultrasound
- All of the following are true statements regarding saliva production EXCEPT
- One of the functions of saliva is to act as a lubricant and prevent foamy bloat.
- Without the buffering effect of saliva the rumen pH would be around 3-4
- The main stimulus for saliva flow is tactile receptor response to structured roughage
- Loss of large amounts of saliva such as with pharangeal obstruction will result in a acidosis
- Cudd chewing has minimal effect on saliva flow
e. Cudd chewing has minimal effect on saliva flow
Which of the following can cause an L-shaped abdomen
a) Small intestinal volvulus
b) Free gas bloat
c) Vagal indigestion type 1
d) Abomasal hypomotility (outflow obstruction)
e) LDA
d. Abomasal hypomotility (outflow obstruction)
- Which findings listed strongly indicates severe fermentation failure
a) Absence of cud chewing
b) Rumen ping
c) Rumen atony
d) Rumen pH 7
e) Methylene blue reduction test - 3 minutes to discolor
b. Rumen ping
The abdominal profile in this case is likely caused by
- Free abdominal fluid
- Pregnancy
- Ruptured prepubic tendon
- Rumen atony
- RDA
i. Free abdominal fluid
Symmetrical implies fluid
Regarding the treatment of a severe hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, which of the following treatments will have the best outcome in correcting the metabolic and electrolyte profile
1 Give isotonic bicarb at 80ml/kg body weight per 24 hours
2 Give isotonic fluids with added potassium (40mEq/L) and calcium (750ml in 20L fluids)
3 Give 1 liter hypertonic saline plus 150gm KCL orally and 1liter calcium in a 3 liter bag of fluids
4 Give 1 liter hypertonic saline followed by 20liter 0.45 saline and 2.5% dextrose plus potassium at 20mEq/L and calcium (750ml) added to the fluids
5 Give 1 liter hypertonic saline followed by 20liter 0.45 saline and 2.5% dextrose plus potassium at 20mEq/L and calcium (750ml) added to the fluids plus 150gm KCL orally
Regarding the treatment of a severe hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, which of the following treatments will have the best outcome in correcting the metabolic and electrolyte profile
1 Give isotonic bicarb at 80ml/kg body weight per 24 hours
2 Give isotonic fluids with added potassium (40mEq/L) and calcium (750ml in 20L fluids)
3 Give 1 liter hypertonic saline plus 150gm KCL orally and 1liter calcium in a 3 liter bag of fluids
4 Give 1 liter hypertonic saline followed by 20liter 0.45 saline and 2.5% dextrose plus potassium at 20mEq/L and calcium (750ml) added to the fluids
5 Give 1 liter hypertonic saline followed by 20liter 0.45 saline and 2.5% dextrose plus potassium at 20mEq/L and calcium (750ml) added to the fluids plus 150gm KCL orally
5 Give 1 liter hypertonic saline followed by 20liter 0.45 saline and 2.5% dextrose plus potassium at 20mEq/L and calcium (750ml) added to the fluids plus 150gm KCL orally
Probably RDA so will develop ketosis, IV K alone will not balance deficit must give K orally too
All of the following are true statements regarding grain overload EXCEPT
1 Administration of an oral antacid such as calcium carbonate to cattle not showing signs of shock and dehydration is one correct therapy
2 Absorption of both L and D lactate occurs but only D-lactate causes acidemia
3 This condition occurs when lactobacilli overgrow the normal rumen flora
4 The severity of clinical signs depends on the amount of the ingested grain
5 Transfaunation is an effective way to re-establish a normal flora irrespective of the degree of fermentation failure found on rumen fluid analysis (organoleptic; bench top; microscopic)
5 Transfaunation is an effective way to re-establish a normal flora irrespective of the degree of fermentation failure found on rumen fluid analysis (organoleptic; bench top; microscopic) If severe must also do rumentotomy or transfaunation not successful
A cow has melena with some fresh blood and a barrel shaped abdomen as viewed from behind. The most likely cause is which of the following
1Vagal indigestion type 2
2 Abomasal impaction
3 Foamy bloat
4 Small intestinal volvulus
5 Abomasal ulcer
4 Small intestinal volvulus
You are presented with a 5 year-old dairy cow with the following history and clinical signs:
Sudden drop in milk production; Total anorexia; Unsteady gait; Slightly bloated; Heart rate 98/min (normal 50-80); Soft rumen – seems fluid filled (splashing sounds); Congested mucus membranes/ slightly sunken eyes; Milky –gray diarrhea
With the above information, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis
1 Rumen impaction
2 Hardware disease
3 Abomasal ulcer
4 Acute grain overload
5 Displaced abomasum
4 Acute grain overload
The only condition listed with diarrhea
To make a isotonic saline solution how much salt should be added to 20L water
a) 100g
b) 200g
c) 180g
d) 50g
e) 25g
c) 180g
* Isotonic saline = 0.9%*
Which of the following syndromes is not associated with Sub-acute rumen acidosis
a) Laminitis
b) LDA
c) Abomasal ulcer
d) Liver cirrhosis
e) Metastatic lung abscesses
d) Liver cirrhosis
Which mechanism does not play a role in causing hypocalcemia associated with a hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis as result of an RDA
a) Reduction of PTH affinity for receptors in the bone marrow
b) Binding ionized calcium to albumin
c) Less calcium absorption from the small intestine due to anorexia and pyloric outflow obstruction
d) Calcium sequestration into the abomasum
e) Calcium loss in the milk
d) Calcium sequestration into the abomasum
All of the following are true statements regarding grain overload EXCEPT
- Administration of magnesium oxide to cattle not showing signs of shock and dehydration is one correct therapy
- Atony and a flaccid fluid filled rumen is not a common physical finding
- Absorption of both Land D lactate occurs but only D-lactate causes academia
- This condition occurs when gram positive rods overgrow the normal rumen flora
- Emergency rumenotomy is a rational treatment for a cow with a rumen pH of 5 and still standing
b. Atony and a flaccid fluid filled rumen is not a common physical finding
This is highly diagnostic
Which condition is typically not associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum in cattle.
a) Necrobacillosis (Necrotic stomatitis)
b) Caudal vena cava syndrome
c) Diffuse peritonitis
d) Foot rot
e) Liver abscesses
c) Diffuse peritonitis
Causes Bull Nose in pigs,
Which VFA is the main precursor to glucose?
Proprionic acid
For which condition do you perform a roll and toggle? How does the cow need to be positioned? Where is the first toggle placed? Second toggle?
LDA
Right lateral recumbency for clipping then on her back
Where the ping is the loudest (6 inches behind zyphoid Do not let gas out at this point
4 inches behind first toggle N**ow let gas out and tie 2 toggles together
Which VFA is perfmented to produce a surge of proprionic acid at pH 5-5.5?
Lactic acid
What does the secondary surge of proprionic acid result in?
Fat cow syndrome
Proprionic acid is converted to triglycerides
Which rotation of RDA is most common?
Counter-clockwise
If the abomasum twists more than ____ degrees on the right side a volvulus occurs.
270
When a RVA occurs, the ______ is displaced cranially and the _______ is displaced caudally.
Duodenum
Omental attachment
Which type of abomasal displacement is often palpable rectally?
RDA
Hemorrhagic bowl syndrome is caused by__________ .
Clostridium perfringens type A
For which process is thiamine vital?
Kreb’s Cycle
What causes metabolic alkalosis in case of an RDA? What other electrolyte abnormalities do you expect?
HCl sequestration
Hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia
What do muscle fasiculations in a cow with RDA indicate? How do you treat (in farm and in hospital)? How do you calculate the deficit?
Hypokalemia
150g KCl PO on farm
20mEq/L KCl IV
Calculate using: (Patient K - 4.5) x 0.3 = mEq of KCl
(1g KCl = 13 mEq)
What can you add to your treatment if a cow has had an RDA for more than 2 days?
Rumen fluid (20L)
KCl (50-150g)
Molasses (1kg) Energy
Yeast (500g) Vitamin B
Prolylene glycol (250g) Direct source of glucose
What can you add to your treatment in cases of severe RDA or LDA or if there is small intestinal ileus?
Lidocaine (70cc bolus slowly, then 70mL per hour)
Yohimbine (40mg)
Antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories
What is the most critial thing to assess post-op after LDA or RDA surgery?
Heart Rate
- N= 50-80*
- High could indicate ischmia, ruptured ulcer, etc.*
What can a cow with hypophosphatemia develop? (E.g. due to dry, shitty grass)
Pica followed by botulism
Match to type 1, 2, 3, or 4 vagal indigestion:
a. Failure of omasal transport
b. Pyloric outflow obstruction (late pregnancy)
c. Failure of eructation
d. Failure of abomasal transport (pyloric outflow obstruction)
a. Failure of omasal transport = Type 2
b. Pyloric outflow obstruction (late pregnancy) = Type 4
c. Failure of eructation= Type 1
d. Failure of abomasal transport (pyloric outflow obstruction) =Type 3
What are the 3 GIT bottle necks?
Cardia
Reticulo-omasal orifice
Pylorus
Which type of vagal indigestion is common in calves, especially following respiratory diseases? What are the 2 main DDx?
Type 1
(Impaired eructation)
Rebloat after tubing
DDx: Esophageal obstruction, Foamy bloat
Papple abominal contour is associated with which type(s) of vagal indigestion? What are common laparotomy/rumentomoy findings?
Type 2 and 3
2: RR orifice paralysis, Reticulum abscess, Hypomotility, Hypermotility
3: Abomasal distension (LDA, RDA)
How can rumen chloride be used to distinguish between type 2 and 3 vagal indigestion?
Type 2 will be NORMAL
Type 3 will be ELEVATED
N= 30-35
What type of feces do you expect with a GI obstuction?
Scant
Dark or pasty
Malodorous
What are the 2 causes of abomasal impaction?
Primary: Nutritional (high lignan, high ADF, low NFD), Tricho/Phytobenzoars
Secondary: Hardware, Abomsal ulcer, Bovine leukosis, RDA, prengany Any physical impendance
What are the prediliction sites for bovine leukosis?
Abomasum
Right atrium
Eyes
Spine
Uterus
What CBC finding is indicative of bovine leukosis in approximately 30% of affected cows? What will you find on abdominal ultrasound?
Persistent severe lypmhocytosis
Thickened abomasal wall
What is one of the classical signs associated with lactic acidosis pertaining to the rumen? What will the poop look like?
It is large and fluid filled
- Lactic acid is highly hyperosmotic*
- Leads to hypocolemic shock*
Grey (milky) diarrhea
Which organism is responsible for lactic acid formation when rumen pH is around 5? Which isomer of lactic acid causes acidosis?
Lactobacillus
D- Lactic acid (other type =L)
How do endotoxins cause hypovolemic shock in cases of severe lactic acidosis?
Increase capillary permiability leading to fluid accumulation
How can you treat a mild case of lactic acidosis?
Oral Mg or Ca oxide (1g/kg BW)
Exercise To increase breathing to rid CO2
Hay and water only
How do you treat a case of moderate lactic acidosis if the cow is standing with a rumen pH=5? Not standing?
IVF (polyionic fluids 10% BW - LRS)
Sodium bicarb (1-3mEq/kg; Baking soda)
NSAIDs
Penicillins
Vit B1
Vit B12 Gluconeogenesis
Calcium
Rumenotomy + Rumen lavage with Kingman tube
Down cow= Euthanize
How much bicarb does baking soda contain? How many grams are there in 1 teaspoon?
12mEq/ gram
5 grams/ ts
What are the 2 main causes of frothy bloat?
Lush legume pastures
Concentrate diets
What can you to do treat a foamy bloat?
Use vegetable or peanut oil
Poloxalene Anti-foaming agent
What does a type 3 abomasal ulcer on the visceral surface cause? Parietal surface?
Visceral surface = Omental busitis
Parietal surface= Peritonitis
What do you always include in the treatment of an abomasal ulcer in a camelid (too expensive to use in cows)?
H2 blockers
What can be seen on US if looking at the last 3 rib spaces on the right?
Liver
Gallbladder
What are the typical findings on US with a small intestinal ileus? How can you localize it?
Increased diameter of loops (>3.5cm)
Reduced/no motility
Ascites
If only a few looops then duodenum
If many loops then jejunum
